ArticleMolecular biology of the cell2012
The Ras-like protein R-Ras2/TC21 is important for proper mammary gland development.
Article in Molecular biology of the cell, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Active R-RAS2/TC21 prevents cell cycle arrest and morphological alterations in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking RAS proteins.Oncogene · 2025Article
- Structural insights into isoform-specific RAS-PI3Kα interactions and the role of RAS in PI3Kα activation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Sympathetic nerve signals: orchestrators of mammary development and stem cell vitality.Journal of molecular cell biology · 2024Article
- Unmutated RRAS2 emerges as a key oncogene in post-partum-associated triple negative breast cancer.Molecular cancer · 2024Article
- The ancestral type of the R-RAS protein has oncogenic potential.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2024Article
- Mice Overexpressing Wild-TypeCancers · 2023Article
- Transfection of Sponge Cells and Intracellular Localization of Cancer-Related MYC, RRAS2, and DRG1 Proteins.Marine drugs · 2023Article
- Article
- Overexpression of wild type RRAS2, without oncogenic mutations, drives chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Molecular cancer · 2022Article
- R-Ras GTPases Signaling Role in Myelin Neurodegenerative Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Article
- YAP/TAZ Activation Drives Uveal Melanoma Initiation and Progression.Cell reports · 2019Article
- Activating Mutations of RRAS2 Are a Rare Cause of Noonan Syndrome.American journal of human genetics · 2019Article
- TC21/RRas2 regulates glycoprotein VI-FcRγ-mediated platelet activation and thrombus stability.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2018Article
- R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 Are Essential for Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Survival for Correct Myelination in the Central Nervous System.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2018Article
- High-throughput analysis reveals novel maternal germline RNAs crucial for primordial germ cell preservation and proper migration.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2017Article
- Selective Recognition of H3.1K36 Dimethylation/H4K16 Acetylation Facilitates the Regulation of All-trans-retinoic Acid (ATRA)-responsive Genes by Putative Chromatin Reader ZMYND8.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2016Article
- In-silico QTL mapping of postpubertal mammary ductal development in the mouse uncovers potential human breast cancer risk loci.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2015Article
- R-RAS2 overexpression in tumors of the human central nervous system.Molecular cancer · 2013Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
R-Ras2/TC21 is a GTPase with high sequence and signaling similarity with Ras subfamily members. Although it has been extensively studied using overexpression studies in cell lines, its physiological role remains poorly characterized. Here we used RRas2-knockout mice expressing β-galactosidase under the regulation of the endogenous RRas2 promoter to investigate the function of this GTPase in vivo. Despite its expression in tissues critical for organismal viability, RRas2(-/-) mice show no major alterations in viability, growth rates, cardiovascular parameters, or fertility. By contrast, they display a marked and specific defect in the development of the mammary gland during puberty. In the absence of R-Ras2/TC21, this gland forms reduced numbers of terminal end buds (TEBs) and ductal branches, leading to a temporal delay in the extension and arborization of the gland tree in mammary fat pads. This phenotype is linked to cell-autonomous proliferative defects of epithelial cells present in TEBs. These cells also show reduced Erk activation but wild type-like levels of phosphorylated Akt. Using compound RRas2-, HRas-, and NRas-knockout mice, we demonstrate that these GTPases act in a nonsynergistic and nonadditive manner during this morphogenic process.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.