Trial reportBMC research notes2012
An exclusive human milk-based diet in extremely premature infants reduces the probability of remaining on total parenteral nutrition: a reanalysis of the data.
Trial report in BMC research notes, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 13 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized Study of Human Milk-Based Versus Bovine-based Nutrition for Very Low Birth Weight Pre-Term Infants
Growth and Nutritional Status of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed a High Protein Exclusive Human Milk Diet
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk-Derived Fortifiers Compared with Bovine Milk-Derived Fortifiers in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Human milk-derived fortifier versus bovine milk-derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Gut microbiota development in very preterm infants following fortification of human milk.mSystems · 2025Trial
- Source of human milk (mother or donor) is more important than fortifier type (human or bovine) in shaping the preterm infant microbiome.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Trial
- Beyond Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Other Clinical Advantages of an Exclusive Human Milk Diet.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineTrial
- Short outcomes of donor milk and mother's own milk for preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Review of Preterm Human-Milk Nutrient Composition.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2021Review
- Nutrient composition of preterm mother's milk and factors that influence nutrient content.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Observational
- Nutrient Enrichment of Human Milk with Human and Bovine Milk-Based Fortifiers for Infants Born <1250 g: 18-Month Neurodevelopment Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial.Current developments in nutrition · 2019Article
- Current Knowledge of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants and the Impact of Different Types of Enteral Nutrition Products.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2017Review
- Beyond Necrotizing Enterocolitis Prevention: Improving Outcomes with an Exclusive Human Milk-Based Diet.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2016Article
- Aggressive Nutrition of the Preterm Infant.Current pediatrics reports · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWe have previously shown that an exclusively human milk-based diet is beneficial for extremely premature infants who are at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, no significant difference in the other primary study endpoint, the length of time on total parenteral nutrition (TPN), was found. The current analysis re-evaluates these data from a different statistical perspective considering the probability or likelihood of needing TPN on any given day rather than the number of days on TPN. This study consisted of 207 premature infants randomized into three groups: one group receiving a control diet of human milk, formula and bovine-based fortifier ("control diet"), and the other two groups receiving only human milk and human milk-based fortifier starting at different times in the enteral feeding process (at feeding volumes of 40 or 100 mL/kg/day; "HM40" and "HM100", respectively). The counting process Cox proportional hazards survival model was used to determine the likelihood of needing TPN in each group.
resultsThe two groups on the completely human-based diet had an 11-14 % reduction in the likelihood of needing nutrition via TPN when compared to infants on the control diet (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively for the HM40 and HM100 groups, respectively). This was even more pronounced if the initial period of TPN was excluded (p < 0.0001 for both the HM40 and HM100 groups).
conclusionsA completely human milk-based diet significantly reduces the likelihood of TPN use for extremely premature infants when compared to a diet including cow-based products. This likelihood may be reduced even further when the human milk fortifier is initiated earlier in the feeding process.
trial registrationThis study was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov reg. # NCT00506584.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.