ArticleStatistics in medicine2012
Use of alternative time scales in Cox proportional hazard models: implications for time-varying environmental exposures.
Article in Statistics in medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Changes in the estimated glucose disposal rate and cardiometabolic multimorbidity in middle-aged and older adults.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Confounding mechanisms and adjustment strategies in air pollution epidemiology: a case study assessment with the UK Biobank cohort.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- High diversity of dietary flavonoid intake is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality and major chronic diseases.Nature food · 2025Article
- The aging immune system and all-cause mortality in older americans: differences across sex and race/ethnicity.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- Smooth Hazards With Multiple Time Scales.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- Individual and joint exposures to PMScience China. Life sciences · 2024Article
- Preconceptional maternal hyperandrogenism and metabolic syndrome risk in male offspring: a long-term population-based study.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2024Article
- Evaluating the impact of extended dosing intervals on mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in adolescents.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Evaluating the impact of extended dosing intervals on mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in adolescents.Research square · 2024Article
- Long-term exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise and incidence of dementia in the Danish Nurse Cohort.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Modified-Weight Healthy Eating Index-2015 Scores Are More Strongly Associated With Mortality Risk Than Standard Scores.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2024Article
- Observational
- Maternal androgen excess increases the risk of pre-diabetes mellitus in male offspring in later life: a long-term population-based follow-up study.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Article
- Strategies of Modelling Incident Outcomes Using Cox Regression to Estimate the Population Attributable Risk.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Individual and joint associations of long-term exposure to air pollutants and cardiopulmonary mortality: a 22-year cohort study in Northern China.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2023Article
- Association of Long-term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution With Cardiovascular Events in California.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- The impact of repeated vaccination on relative influenza vaccine effectiveness among vaccinated adults in the United Kingdom.Epidemiology and infection · 2022Article
- Long-term exposure to ambient NOJournal of advanced research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Issues surrounding choice of time scales in Cox proportional hazard regression models have received limited attention in the literature. Although the choice between time on study and 'attained' age time scales has been examined, the calendar time scale may be of interest when modeling health effects of environmental exposures with noteworthy secular trends such as ambient particulate matter air pollution in large epidemiological cohort studies. The authors use simulation studies to examine performance (bias, mean squared error, coverage probabilities, and power) of models using all three time scales when the primary exposure of interest depends on calendar time. Results show that performance of models fit to the calendar time scale varies inversely with the strength of the linear association between the time-varying primary exposure and calendar time. Although models fit to attained age and time on study that do not adjust for calendar time were relatively robust, the authors conclude that care should be exercised when using time scales that are highly correlated with exposures of interest.
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