ArticleJournal of addiction medicine2012
Cocaine use in the past year is associated with altitude of residence.
Article in Journal of addiction medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exploring the Link between Altitude of Residence and Smoking Patterns in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Sex-Based Impact of Creatine Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms, Brain Serotonin and SSRI Efficacy in an Animal Model of Treatment-Resistant Depression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Cerebral bioenergetic differences measured by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy between bipolar disorder and healthy subjects living in two different regions suggesting possible effects of altitude.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2019Article
- Effect of Altitude on Veteran Suicide Rates.High altitude medicine & biology · 2019Article
- Association between altitude, prescription opioid misuse, and fatal overdoses.Addictive behaviors reports · 2019Article
- Association Between Altitude and Regional Variation of ADHD in Youth.Journal of attention disorders · 2018Article
- Spatial analysis of drug poisoning deaths in the American West, particularly Utah.The International journal on drug policy · 2016Article
- High altitude remains associated with elevated suicide rates after adjusting for socioeconomic status: a study from South Korea.Psychiatry investigation · 2014Article
- Altitude may contribute to regional variation in methamphetamine use in the United States: a population database study.Psychiatry investigation · 2014Article
- Neurochemical alterations in frontal cortex of the rat after one week of hypobaric hypoxia.Behavioural brain research · 2014Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesRecently, increased rates of suicide in US counties at higher altitudes have been noted. Because of the documented association between cocaine use and suicide, we hypothesized that there would be a correlation between incidence of cocaine use and altitude of residence.
methodsCocaine use data were obtained from the Substate Substance Abuse Estimates from the 1999-2001 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Data related to the percentages of people 12 years or older who used cocaine in the past year. Average elevation for US counties was calculated using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission elevation data set, and subject region elevation was calculated by averaging the weighted elevations of each region's relevant counties. The correlation between elevation of a substate region and incidence of cocaine use in that region was calculated using Pearson correlation coefficients.
resultsA significant correlation exists between mean altitude of a substate region and incidence of cocaine use in that region (r = 0.34; P < 0.0001). Regression analysis controlling for age, sex, race, education level, income, unemployment, and population density was performed. Altitude remained a significant factor (P = 0.007), whereas male sex (P = 0.008) and possessing less than a college education (P < 0.0001) were also significant predictors of self-reported cocaine use in the past year. It is important to note that cocaine use was assessed in isolation of other drugs of abuse, an additional confounding variable.
conclusionsThis study demonstrates a significant correlation between altitude of substate region of residence and incidence of cocaine use. It is possible that stress response due to hypoxia is responsible; however, this requires further investigation. However, because other substance use was not assessed, specificity of this association is unknown. In addition, this correlation may help explain the increased rate of suicide in areas of higher elevation.
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