ReviewInternational journal of clinical pharmacy2012
Preventable drug-related morbidity in community pharmacy: development and piloting of a complex intervention.
Review in International journal of clinical pharmacy, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drug-Related Problems of Patients in Primary Health Care Institutions: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Implementing an online pharmaceutical service using design science research.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2017Observational
- Mapping the terrain: A conceptual schema for a mental health medication support service in community pharmacy.SAGE open medicine · 2015Review
- Preventable drug-related morbidity in community pharmacy: commentary on the implications for practice and policy of a novel intervention.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPreventable drug-related morbidity (PDRM) arising in the community is a problem of unacceptable magnitude. Effective interventions to reduce this problem will avoid unnecessary patient harm and waste of resources for the health care system.
objectiveTo develop and pilot an intervention to manage the risk of PDRM in community pharmacy, underpinned by validated PDRM indicators. Setting Portuguese community pharmacy.
methodOur work was informed by the Medical Research Council framework for the development and evaluation of complex interventions. Human error theory was considered as a theoretical framework for developing the intervention. Additionally, this stage consisted of a literature review, followed by two focus groups (17 community pharmacists) and interviews with 8 professional leaders. A 4-component intervention, was developed: (1) operationalisation of 4 validated PDRM indicators in dispensing encounters ('dispensing' indicators), and operationalisation of 25 validated indicators in patients enrolled in pharmaceutical care programmes ('follow-up' indicators), (2) pharmacist resource pack, (3) pharmacists' training and (4) support scheme. Piloting consisted of a feasibility study in 15 community pharmacies and an acceptability study with participating pharmacists (n = 16). Main outcome measures Proportion of cases with counselling (dispensing indicators); proportion of cases assessable, proportion of cases at risk and proportion of cases with risk minimisation actions (follow-up indicators).
resultsOperationalization of dispensing indicators resulted in counselling in 44.1 % of cases (n = 666). Factors influencing acceptability included pharmacists' perceptions of patients' characteristics, interest and informational needs, as well as perceptions on the relevance of safety information. For follow-up indicators, data were available to assess most cases (93/105, 88.6 %). About half of the assessable cases were at risk of a PDRM event (n = 49; 51.6 %); pharmacists undertook risk minimization actions in 23 cases (46.9 %). Lack of time and inter-professional issues emerged as important factors influencing acceptability.
conclusionsA novel risk management intervention was developed. Feasibility and acceptability of the 4-component intervention in Portuguese community pharmacy provided 'proof of concept', whilst highlighting aspects that need further refinement to better measure and maximise efficacy in future evaluative research.
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