ArticleInflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]2012
Local and systemic pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine patterns in patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a prospective study.
Article in Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.], 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of middle meningeal artery embolization alone, in combination with surgery, and surgery alone for chronic subdural hematoma: a network meta-analysis of 143,590 patients.Neurosurgical review · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of tranexamic acid on chronic subdural hematoma recurrence: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Comparative outcomes of middle meningeal artery embolization with statins versus embolization alone in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2023Pooled it
- Association between postoperative thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications and clinical outcomes after surgery for chronic subdural hematoma in patients with anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation.Acta neurochirurgica · 2025Trial
- A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of a two-week course of dexamethasone for adult patients with a symptomatic Chronic Subdural Haematoma (Dex-CSDH trial).Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2024Trial
- Chronic subdural hematoma through the hallmarks of aging: a geroscience framework for the commonest neurosurgical condition of older adults.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Factors Affecting Chronic Subdural Hematoma Recurrence after Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization.Asian journal of neurosurgery · 2026Article
- Middle meningeal artery embolization in chronic subdural hematoma: bridging surgical innovations and molecular mechanisms.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Review
- Iron-driven secondary injury after intracranial hemorrhage: mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Consensus Statement on Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization in Chronic Subdural Hematoma Treatment: A Guideline from the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology Guidelines and Practice Standards Committee.Stroke (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Review
- A propensity score matching analysis of the efficacy and safety of middle meningeal artery embolization versus burr hole drainage in the treatment of chronic subdural hematomas.Neuroradiology · 2025Article
- Impact of surgical timing on chronic subdural hematoma outcomes: novel insights from a multicenter study.Neurosurgical review · 2025Article
- The subdural membrane: unraveling the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic subdural hematoma.Frontiers in surgery · 2025Review
- Understanding the impact of moxifloxacin on immune function: Findings from cytokine analyses and immunological assays in mice.PloS one · 2025Article
- Prediction of Postoperative Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Using Preoperative Systemic Immune Inflammation Index and Eosinophils.Asian journal of neurosurgery · 2024Article
- Review
- The cellular composition of chronic subdural hematoma.Acta neurochirurgica · 2024Article
- Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma refractory to Burr hole surgery: A case report.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- Neovascularization in Outer Membrane of Chronic Subdural Hematoma : A Rationale for Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization.Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society · 2024Article
- Retrospective Analysis of Risk Factors for Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Haematoma after Surgery.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND
designInnate immune pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) were investigated by measuring and comparing the systemic and subdural fluid levels of cytokines. MATERIALS AND
methodCytokine values were analyzed in samples obtained during surgery of 56 adult patients who were operated on for unilateral CSDHs using a Multiplex antibody bead kit.
resultsThere were significantly higher levels of the pro-inflammatory IL-2R (p = 0.004), IL-5 (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.001), and IL-7 (p < 0.001), and anti-inflammatory mediators IL-10 (p < 0.001) and IL-13 (p = 0.002) in CSDH fluid compared with systemic levels. The pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha (p < 0.001), IL-1beta (p < 0.001), IL-2 (p = 0.007) and IL-4 (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in hematoma fluid compared with systemic levels. The ratios between pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines were statistically significant higher in CSDH (7.8) compared with systemic levels (1.3).
conclusionsThe innate immune responses occur both locally at the site of CSDH, as well as systematically in patients with CSDH. The local hyper-inflammatory and low anti-inflammatory responses exist simultaneously. The findings suggest poorly coordinated innate immune responses at the site of CSDH that may lead to propagating of local inflammatory process and basically contribute to formation and progression of CSDH.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.