ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2012
Shikonin induces immunogenic cell death in tumor cells and enhances dendritic cell-based cancer vaccine.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers.
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Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- SingleInternational journal of oncology · 2026Article
- The Relationship Between Immunogenic Cell Death and Cellular Senescence in Cancer Immunotherapy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Curcumin-mediated modulation of immunogenic cancer cell death pathways.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Shikonin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Bridging Metabolic Disruption and Immunomodulation.Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma · 2026Review
- Immunogenic Cell Death-relevant Molecular Patterns, Prognostic Genes, and Implications for Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Induction of immunogenic cell death by active components of natural products reshaping the tumor microenvironment for enhanced antitumor immunity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- A Minireview on Nanosized Hypericin-Based Inducer of Immune Cell Death Under ROS-Based Therapies.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Natural products as metabolic modulators to enhance cancer immunotherapy: reprogramming the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Advances in therapeutic cancer vaccines: Harnessing immune adjuvants for enhanced efficacy and future perspectives.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Review
- Engineering nanomedicines for immunogenic eradication of cancer cells: Recent trends and synergistic approaches.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- Shikonin improves the effectiveness of PD-1 blockade in colorectal cancer by enhancing immunogenicity via Hsp70 upregulation.Molecular biology reports · 2024Article
- The modulation of immune cell death in connection to microRNAs and natural products.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Revealing the mechanism of natural product-induced immunogenic cell death: opening a new chapter in tumor immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Bidirectional crosstalk between therapeutic cancer vaccines and the tumor microenvironment: Beyond tumor antigens.Fundamental research · 2023Review
- Stimulators of immunogenic cell death for cancer therapy: focusing on natural compounds.Cancer cell international · 2023Review
- Hyaluronic Acid-Mediated Phenolic Compound Nanodelivery for Cancer Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Regulating lactate-related immunometabolism and EMT reversal for colorectal cancer liver metastases using shikonin targeted delivery.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2023Article
- Immunogenic Cell Death in Hematological Malignancy Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- Immunotherapies inducing immunogenic cell death in cancer: insight of the innate immune system.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death is characterized by damage-associated molecular patterns, which can enhance the maturation and antigen uptake of dendritic cells. Shikonin, an anti-inflammatory and antitumor phytochemical, was exploited here as an adjuvant for dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines via induction of immunogenic cell death. Shikonin can effectively activate both receptor- and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and increase the expression of all five tested damage-associated molecular patterns in the resultant tumor cell lysates. The combination treatment with damage-associated molecular patterns and LPS activates dendritic cells to a high maturation status and enhances the priming of Th1/Th17 effector cells. Shikonin-tumor cell lysate-loaded mature dendritic cells exhibit a high level of CD86 and MHC class II and activate Th1 cells. The shikonin-tumor cell lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccines result in a strong induction of cytotoxic activity of splenocytes against target tumor cells, a retardation in tumor growth, and an increase in the survival of test mice. The much enhanced immunogenicity and efficacy of the current cancer vaccine formulation, that is, the use of shikonin-treated tumor cells as cell lysates for the pulse of dendritic cells in culture, may suggest a new ex vivo approach for developing individualized, dendritic cells-based anticancer vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.