ReviewIntensive care medicine2012
An overview of anthrax infection including the recently identified form of disease in injection drug users.
Review in Intensive care medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in detecting category A biothreat agents: Toward symptom-driven sensing strategies.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Review
- Bacterial and fungal infections in persons who inject drugs.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Bacillus mycoides bacteremia after dog bite trauma in a patient on chronic suppressive antibiotics.IDCases · 2025Article
- Acute compartment syndrome in the hand due to cutaneous anthrax: Case report and literature review.IDCases · 2025Article
- Biosensors and Bioassays for the Medical Detection ofCurrent medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Anthrax: A narrative review.New microbes and new infections · 2024Review
- Upper Limb Compartment Syndrome-An Extremely Rare Life-Threatening Complication of Cutaneous Anthrax.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to Discriminate Two Closely Related Bacterial Species:Microorganisms · 2024Article
- COMPARISON OF PROPOLIS EFFECTS ON TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA AND MALONDIALDEHYDE BETWEEN INHALATION AND CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX ANIMAL MODELS.African journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- A Whole-Genome-Based Gene-by-Gene Typing System for Standardized High-Resolution Strain Typing of Bacillus anthracis.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2021Article
- Cutaneous anthrax outbreak associated with handling dead animals, Rhino Camp sub-county: Arua District, Uganda, January-May 2018.One health outlook · 2021Article
- Outbreak of Anthrax Associated with Handling and Eating Meat from a Cow, Uganda, 2018.Emerging infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Repurposing Clinically Approved Drugs for the Treatment ofACS omega · 2020Article
- Genetic characterization of Bacillus anthracis strains circulating in Italy from 1972 to 2018.PloS one · 2020Article
- A cutaneous Anthrax outbreak in Koraput District of Odisha-India 2015.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Histologic Changes In Recreational Drug Misuse.Academic forensic pathology · 2018Review
- Article
- Enhancing Surveillance and Diagnostics in Anthrax-Endemic Countries.Emerging infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Alternative pre-approved and novel therapies for the treatment of anthrax.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Review
- The Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin.Toxins · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeBacillus anthracis infection (anthrax) can be highly lethal. Two recent outbreaks related to contaminated mail in the USA and heroin in the UK and Europe and its potential as a bioterrorist weapon have greatly increased concerns over anthrax in the developed world.
methodsThis review summarizes the microbiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of anthrax. RESULTS AND
conclusionsAnthrax, a gram-positive bacterium, has typically been associated with three forms of infection: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalational. However, the anthrax outbreak among injection drug users has emphasized the importance of what is now considered a fourth disease form (i.e., injectional anthrax) that is characterized by severe soft tissue infection. While cutaneous anthrax is most common, its early stages are distinct and prompt appropriate treatment commonly produces a good outcome. However, early symptoms with the other three disease forms can be nonspecific and mistaken for less lethal conditions. As a result, patients with gastrointestinal, inhalational, or injectional anthrax may have advanced infection at presentation that can be highly lethal. Once anthrax is suspected, the diagnosis can usually be made with gram stain and culture from blood or tissue followed by confirmatory testing (e.g., PCR). While antibiotics are the mainstay of anthrax treatment, use of adjunctive therapies such as anthrax toxin antagonists are a consideration. Prompt surgical therapy appears to be important for successful management of injectional anthrax.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.