ArticleInfection and immunity2012
The A subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin functions as a mucosal adjuvant and promotes IgG2a, IgA, and Th17 responses to vaccine antigens.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunity to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase results in additive reductions in airborne transmission of influenza H1N1 virus in ferrets.Science advances · 2026Article
- MVA-Spike encoding the A subunit of dmLT safely enhances systemic and mucosal immune responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Comparative immunogenicity and protective efficacy of BECC438 and BECC470 adjuvants in a vaccine formulation againstFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Glycolysis maintains effector function of lung Th17 TRM cells in precision cut lung slices.iScience · 2025Article
- ETEC biofilms are regulated by magnesium and lactate bioavailability.Infection and immunity · 2025Article
- Development of a bivalent protein subunit vaccine against infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- rBCG-LTAK63 enhances protection against tuberculosis by inducing autophagy and circadian gene regulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Application of Recombinant Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Live Vector Oral Vaccine in the Prevention of F4+ EnterotoxigenicVaccines · 2024Article
- Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 RBD decorated nanoparticle vaccine enhances viral clearance in the Syrian hamster model.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Review
- Current Progress and Challenges in the Study of Adjuvants for Oral Vaccines.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2023Review
- Article
- T helper cell responses in adult diarrheal patients following natural infection with enterotoxigenicFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Impact of the TLR4 agonist BECC438 on a novel vaccine formulation againstFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Production of monoclonal antibody of heat-labile toxin A subunit to identify enterotoxigenicFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- New-age vaccine adjuvants, their development, and future perspective.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Pig vaccination strategies based on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli toxins.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2021Review
- Fentanyl conjugate vaccine by injected or mucosal delivery with dmLT or LTA1 adjuvants implicates IgA in protection from drug challenge.NPJ vaccines · 2021Article
- Elevated Extracellular cGMP Produced after Exposure to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin Induces Epithelial IL-33 Release and Alters Intestinal Immunity.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Oral Biologic Delivery: Advances Toward Oral Subunit, DNA, and mRNA Vaccines and the Potential for Mass Vaccination During Pandemics.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) produces both heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins and is a major cause of diarrhea in infants in developing countries and in travelers to those regions. In addition to inducing fluid secretion, LT is a powerful mucosal adjuvant capable of promoting immune responses to coadministered antigens. In this study, we examined purified A subunit to further understand the toxicity and adjuvanticity of LT. Purified A subunit was enzymatically active but sensitive to proteolytic degradation and unable to bind gangliosides, and even in the presence of admixed B subunit, it displayed low cyclic AMP (cAMP) induction and no enterotoxicity. Thus, the AB5 structure plays a key role in protecting the A subunit from proteolytic degradation and in delivering the enzymatic signals required for secretion. In contrast, the A subunit alone was capable of activating dendritic cells and enhanced immune responses to multiple antigens following intranasal immunization; therefore, unlike toxicity, LT adjuvanticity is not dependent on the AB5 holotoxin structure or the presence of the B subunit. However, immune responses were maximal when signals were received from both subunits either in an AB5 structure or with A and B admixed. Furthermore, the quality of the immune response (i.e., IgG1/IgG2 balance and mucosal IgA and IL-17 secretion) was determined by the presence of an A subunit, revealing for the first time induction of Th17 responses with the A subunit alone. These results have important implications for understanding ETEC pathogenesis, unraveling immunologic responses induced by LT-based adjuvants, and developing new mucosal vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.