SynthesisDiabetes care2012
Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.
Synthesis in Diabetes care, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 368 papers, 15 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
368 citing papers in PubMed, 15 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Psychiatric effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review of emerging evidence.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Depression and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death and Arrhythmias: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- The association between metabolically healthy obesity and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Pooled it
- Metabolomics in Depression: What We Learn from Preclinical and Clinical Evidences.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Pooled it
- Association between atherogenic index of plasma and depression risk: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Comparing the Symptomatology of Post-stroke Depression with Depression in the General Population: A Systematic Review.Neuropsychology review · 2024Pooled it
- Depression and lifestyle: Focusing on nutrition, exercise, and their possible relevance to molecular mechanisms.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2023Pooled it
- Association of metabolic syndrome and its components with the risk of depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Identifying transdiagnostically relevant risk and protective factors for internalizing psychopathology: An umbrella review of longitudinal meta-analyses.Journal of psychiatric research · 2023Pooled it
- Mental health and quality of life in different obesity phenotypes: a systematic review.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2022Pooled it
- Leveraging deep phenotyping from health check-up cohort with 10,000 Korean individuals for phenome-wide association study of 136 traits.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Depression and unplanned secondary healthcare use in patients with multimorbidity: A systematic review.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy of eHealth Interventions for Adults with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Associations of depression status with plasma levels of candidate lipid and amino acid metabolites: a meta-analysis of individual data from three independent samples of US postmenopausal women.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Fat compartments in patients with depression: A meta-analysis.Brain and behavior · 2021Pooled it
- The effect of bright light therapy on glycemic control and cortisol rhythmicity in depression: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Effects of a diverse prebiotic fibre blend on inflammation, the gut microbiota and affective symptoms in metabolic syndrome: a pilot open-label randomised controlled trial.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Depressive Symptoms and Metabolic Dysregulation Control: A Closer Look at Control Challenges in T2DM Patients.Depression and anxiety · 2024Trial
- Metabolic Syndrome and Psychological Effects of Exercise in Hemodialysis Patients.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Circadian rhythms in major depressive disorder: mechanistic insights and therapeutic frontiers.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
308 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveEpidemiological studies have repeatedly investigated the association between depression and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the results have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the current evidence from cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies that evaluated this association. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles published up to January 2012. Cross-sectional and cohort studies that reported an association between the two conditions in adults were included. Data on prevalence, incidence, unadjusted or adjusted odds ratio (OR), and 95% CI were extracted or provided by the authors. The pooled OR was calculated separately for cross-sectional and cohort studies using random-effects models. The I(2) statistic was used to assess heterogeneity.
resultsThe search yielded 29 cross-sectional studies (n = 155,333): 27 studies reported unadjusted OR with a pooled estimate of 1.42 (95% CI 1.28-1.57; I(2) = 55.1%); 11 studies reported adjusted OR with depression as the outcome (1.27 [1.07-1.57]; I(2) = 60.9%), and 12 studies reported adjusted OR with MetS as the outcome (1.34 [1.18-1.51]; I(2) = 0%). Eleven cohort studies were found (2 studies reported both directions): 9 studies (n = 26,936 with 2,316 new-onset depression case subjects) reported adjusted OR with depression as the outcome (1.49 [1.19-1.87]; I(2) = 56.8%), 4 studies (n = 3,834 with 350 MetS case subjects) reported adjusted OR with MetS as the outcome (1.52 [1.20-1.91]; I(2) = 0%).
conclusionsOur results indicate a bidirectional association between depression and MetS. These results support early detection and management of depression among patients with MetS and vice versa.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.