ReviewDrug testing and analysis
Head-twitch response in rodents induced by the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine: a comprehensive history, a re-evaluation of mechanisms, and its utility as a model.
Review in Drug testing and analysis. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 137 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
137 citing papers in PubMed, 216 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychedelic 4-AcO-DMT attenuated looming-induced freezing behaviors by activating PrLMolecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Psychedelics produce enduring enhancement of reward responsiveness in male rats.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- αMolecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Preclinical models for evaluating psychedelics in the treatment of major depressive disorder.British journal of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Serotonin Transporter Blockade Reduces the Psychedelic-Like Effects of 4-Methoxy-ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Keeping an Open Mind About (and With) Psychedelics.Biological psychiatry · 2026Article
- High dose of psilocybin induces acute behavioral changes without inducing conditioned place preference in Sprague-Dawley rats.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- The 4-alkyl chain length of 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamines differentially affects in vitro serotonin receptor actions versus in vivo psychedelic-like effects.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- The ABCs of psychedelics: a preclinical roadmap for drug discovery.Trends in pharmacological sciences · 2025Review
- Psychedelic 5-HTNature neuroscience · 2025Article
- The impact of the serotonergic psychedelic DOI on active vision in freely moving mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Psychedelic-like effects induced by 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in male and female C57BL/6J mice.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Serotonin 5-HTACS chemical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Biased signalingActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Serotonin and psilocybin activate 5-HTNature communications · 2025Article
- Rapid, Open-Source, and Automated Quantification of the Head Twitch Response in C57BL/6J Mice Using DeepLabCut and Simple Behavioral Analysis.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- Rapid, open-source, and automated quantification of the head twitch response in C57BL/6J mice using DeepLabCut and Simple Behavioral Analysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Serotonin 2C receptors are also important in head-twitch responses in male mice.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Disentangling the acute subjective effects of classic psychedelics from their enduring therapeutic properties.Psychopharmacology · 2025Review
- Synergistic behavioral and neuroplastic effects of psilocybin-NMDAR modulator administration.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
77 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Two primary animal models persist for assessing hallucinogenic potential of novel compounds and for examining the pharmacological and neurobiological substrates underlying the actions of classical hallucinogens, the two-lever drug discrimination procedure and the drug-induced head-twitch response (HTR) in rodents. The substituted amphetamine hallucinogen, serotonin 2 (5-HT(2) ) receptor agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) has emerged as the most popular pharmacological tool used in HTR studies of hallucinogens. Synthesizing classic, recent, and relatively overlooked findings, addressing ostensibly conflicting observations, and considering contemporary theories in receptor and behavioural pharmacology, this review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive synopsis of DOI and the HTR model, from neural mechanisms to utility for understanding psychiatric diseases. Also presented is support for the argument that, although both the two-lever drug discrimination and the HTR models in rodents are useful for uncovering receptors, interacting proteins, intracellular signalling pathways, and neurochemical processes affected by DOI and related classical hallucinogens, results from both models suggest they are not reporting hallucinogenic experiences in animals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.