ArticleInsect biochemistry and molecular biology2012
A Toll-Spätzle pathway in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.
Article in Insect biochemistry and molecular biology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Insect immune systems: same same but different but still same.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Synergistic host-parasitoid antimicrobial peptide interactions ensure the survival of parasitized hosts.Virulence · 2025Article
- Enhancing the Virulence of a Fungal Entomopathogen Against the Brown Planthopper by Expressing dsRNA to Suppress Host Immune Defenses.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- A myeloid differentiation-like protein in partnership with Toll5 from the pest insectProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Maintaining Toll signaling iniScience · 2024Article
- Serpin-1a and serpin-6 regulate the Toll pathway immune homeostasis by synergistically inhibiting the Spätzle-processing enzyme CLIP2 in silkworm, Bombyx mori.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Mechanisms and roles of the first stage of nodule formation in lepidopteran insects.Journal of insect science (Online) · 2023Article
- An entomopathogenic fungus exploits its host humoral antibacterial immunity to minimize bacterial competition in the hemolymph.Microbiome · 2023Article
- Analysis of the Toll and Spaetzle Genes Involved in Toll Pathway-Dependent Antimicrobial Gene Induction in the Red Flour Beetle,International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Induced expression modes of genes related to Toll, Imd, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway-mediated immune response inFrontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- A zone-of-inhibition assay to screen for humoral antimicrobial activity in mosquito hemolymph.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
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- Toll9 fromProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
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- A Toll-Spätzle Pathway in the Immune Response ofInsects · 2020Article
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- Spätzle Homolog-Mediated Toll-Like Pathway Regulates Innate Immune Responses to Maintain the Homeostasis of Gut Microbiota in the Red Palm Weevil,Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Listening to your gut: immune challenge to the gut sensitizes body wall nociception in the caterpillarPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Toll family members bind multiple Spätzle proteins and activate antimicrobial peptide gene expression inThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2019Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Insects synthesize a battery of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and expression of AMP genes is regulated by the Toll and Imd (immune deficiency) pathways in Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila Toll pathway is activated after Spätzle (Spz) is cleaved by Spätzle processing enzyme (SPE) to release the active C-terminal C106 domain (DmSpz-C106), which then binds to the Toll receptor to initiate the signaling pathway and regulate expression of AMP genes such as drosomycin. Toll and Spz genes have been identified in other insects, but interaction between Toll and Spz and direct evidence for a Toll-Spz pathway in other insect species have not been demonstrated. Our aim is to investigate a Toll-Spz pathway in Manduca sexta, and compare M. sexta and D. melanogaster Toll-Spz pathways. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays showed that MsToll(ecto) (the ecto-domain of M. sexta Toll) could interact with MsSpz-C108 (the active C-terminal C108 domain of M. sexta Spz) but not with full-length MsSpz, and DmToll(ecto) could interact with DmSpz-C106 but not DmSpz, suggesting that Toll receptor only binds to the active C-terminal domain of Spz. Co-expression of MsToll-MsSpz-C108, but not MsToll-MsSpz, could up-regulate expression of drosomycin gene in Drosophila S2 cells, indicating that MsToll-MsSpz-C108 complex can activate the Toll signaling pathway. In vivo assays showed that activation of AMP genes, including cecropin, attacin, moricin and lebocin, in M. sexta larvae by purified recombinant MsSpz-C108 could be blocked by pre-injection of antibody to MsToll, further confirming a Toll-Spz pathway in M. sexta, a lepidopteran insect.
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