ArticleMaternal & child nutrition2013
Concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols in human breast milk during the first months of lactation and in infant formulas.
Article in Maternal & child nutrition, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin E concentration in breast milk in different periods of lactation: Meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamins A, D, E, and K Intakes, Status, and Breastmilk Concentrations in Breastfeeding Women in Ireland.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Factors Associated with Increased Alpha-Tocopherol Content in Milk in Response to Maternal Supplementation with 800 IU of Vitamin E.Nutrients · 2019Trial
- Serum tocopherol levels in very preterm infants after a single dose of vitamin E at birth.Pediatrics · 2013Trial
- Early Life Food Desert Status Is Associated With Alpha and Gamma-Tocopherol Levels and Infant Lung Function.Pediatric pulmonology · 2026Article
- Reference Values for Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Human Milk: The Mothers, Infants and Lactation Quality (MILQ) Study.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Vitamin E Isoforms in Placental Tissue and Their Relationship with Maternal Dietary Intake and Plasma Concentrations in Mother-Infant Dyads.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Role of Vitamin E in Neonatal Neuroprotection: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Effects of Antioxidants in Human Milk on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Prevention and Treatment: A Review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Antioxidative Molecules in Human Milk and Environmental Contaminants.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- A Comparison of Vitamin and Lutein Concentrations in Breast Milk from Four Asian Countries.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Relationship between the dietary intake, serum, and breast milk concentrations of vitamin A and vitamin E in a cohort of women over the course of lactation.Maternal & child nutrition · 2019Article
- Article
- Overview of Nutrients in Human Milk.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2018Review
- Micronutrients in Human Milk: Analytical Methods.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2018Review
- Article
- Article
- A Comparison of Nutritional Antioxidant Content in Breast Milk, Donor Milk, and Infant Formulas.Nutrients · 2016Article
- Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin E as α-tocopherol.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2015Article
- VITAMIN E IN HUMAN MILK AND ITS RELATION TO THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF THE TERM NEWBORN.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao PauloObservational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols in human breast milk samples from different periods of lactation and to compare them with tocopherol content in commercially available formulas for infants at corresponding ages. The study included 93 breast milk samples obtained on the 2nd (colostrum, n = 17), 14th (n = 30), 30th (n = 27) and 90th day of lactation (n = 19), along with 90 samples of commercially available initial and follow-on infant formulas. Concentrations of tocopherols were determined using normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Depending on the stage of lactation, human breast milk contained 2.07-9.99 mg L⁻¹ of alpha-tocopherol and 0.22-0.60 mg L⁻¹ of gamma-tocopherol. Breast milk concentrations of alpha-tocopherol decreased with the time of lactation, while significant differences in gamma-tocopherol concentration were observed only between the 14th and 30th day of lactation. There was no significant correlation between the dietary intake of vitamin E and its estimated breast milk concentration, also in women who declared vitamin supplementation. Compared with colostrum, infant formulas were characterised by significantly lower concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and vitamin E. This finding indicates the need of additional vitamin E supplementation of bottle-fed infants during the initial 2-3 days of life.
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Registered trials
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