ArticleBMC palliative care2012
Assessment of the face validity of two pain scales in Kenya: a validation study using cognitive interviewing.
Article in BMC palliative care, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02571933 (Face Validity and Cross-Cultural Acceptability of the FPS-R in Cameroon), which is not on this map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Face Validity and Cross-Cultural Acceptability of the FPS-R in Cameroon
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Validation of Pediatric Self-Report Pain Scales in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.Journal of pain and symptom management · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Validation of a Swahili Pediatric Pain Scale in Tanzania: An Observational Study.Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses · 2026Observational
- Focus Group-Based Cognitive Interviews: A Valid Method in the Development and Evaluation of Clinical Outcome Assessment Measures?The patient · 2026Article
- Landscape of paediatric pain in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Burden of chronic pain among adult pastoralists in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional household survey.Pain · 2024Article
- Analgesic Use of Virtual Reality for Burn Dressing Changes in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Feasibility Study.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- "It is difficult for us to treat their pain". Health professionals' perceptions of Somali pastoralists in the context of pain management: a conceptual model.Medical humanities · 2023Article
- Assessing independence in mobility activities in trauma care: Validity and reliability of the Activity Independence Measure-Trauma (AIM-T) in humanitarian settings.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Translation and Cultural Adaptation of NIH Toolbox Cognitive Tests into Swahili and Dholuo Languages for Use in Children in Western Kenya.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2022Article
- "How Are My Age and Cows Related?" Cognitive Interviewing as a Tool to Pretest Survey Questions in Two Limited Resource Settings.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- Use of a focus group-based cognitive interview methodology to validate a cooking behavior survey among African-American adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Why some mothers overestimate birth size and length of pregnancy in rural Nepal.Journal of global health · 2018Article
- Engaging Community Leaders in the Development of a Cardiovascular Health Behavior Survey Using Focus Group-Based Cognitive Interviewing.Health services insights · 2017Article
- Response scale selection in adult pain measures: results from a literature review.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2017Review
- Cognitive Testing of an Electronic Version of the Faces Pain Scale-Revised with Pediatric and Adolescent Sickle Cell Patients.The patient · 2016Article
- What can we learn about postnatal care in Ghana if we ask the right questions? A qualitative study.Global health action · 2015Article
- Self-report measurement of pain & symptoms in palliative care patients: a comparison of verbal, visual and hand scoring methods in Sub-Saharan Africa.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2014Article
- Prevalence and correlates of pain and pain treatment in a western Kenya referral hospital.Journal of palliative medicine · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPatients in sub-Saharan Africa commonly experience pain, which often is un-assessed and undertreated. One hindrance to routine pain assessment in these settings is the lack of a single-item pain rating scale validated for the particular context. The goal of this study was to examine the face validity and cultural acceptability of two single-item pain scales, the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R), in a population of patients on the medical, surgical, and pediatric wards of Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kenya.
methodsSwahili versions of the NRS and FPS-R were developed by standard translation and back-translation. Cognitive interviews were performed with 15 patients at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya. Interview transcripts were analyzed on a question-by-question basis to identify major themes revealed through the cognitive interviewing process and to uncover any significant problems participants encountered with understanding and using the pain scales.
resultsCognitive interview analysis demonstrated that participants had good comprehension of both the NRS and the FPS-R and showed rational decision-making processes in choosing their responses. Participants felt that both scales were easy to use. The FPS-R was preferred almost unanimously to the NRS.
conclusionsThe face validity and acceptability of the Swahili versions of the NRS and FPS-R has been demonstrated for use in Kenyan patients. The broader application of these scales should be evaluated and may benefit patients who currently suffer from pain.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.