ArticlePloS one2012
Gender based within-household inequality in childhood immunization in India: changes over time and across regions.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The role of gender in early childcare practices in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Burden of bacterial meningitis in India: Preliminary data from a hospital based sentinel surveillance network.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Immunization practices in low birth weight infants from rural Haryana, India: Findings from secondary data analysis.Journal of global health · 2017Trial
- Timeliness of childhood vaccination in Iran: Survival analysis of a national immunization survey, 2019.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Son preference and regional inequalities in girls undernutrition in India.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Gender-based discrimination towards cisgender women in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of definitions and measures used in the health literature.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Independent and joint associations of sex and birth order with non‑national immunization program vaccine coverage among Chinese children: a cross-sectional analysis.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
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- Sex inequality in under-five deaths and associated factors in low and middle-income countries: a Fairlie decomposition analysis.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Household expenditure for immunization among children in India: a two-part model approach.BMC health services research · 2021Article
- Clinical profile and error of inclusion and exclusion in schools for the blind in Bangalore and a review of literature.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2021Review
- Change in full immunization inequalities in Indian children 12-23 months: an analysis of household survey data.BMC public health · 2021Article
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- Sex-Specific Association Between Socioeconomic Status, Lifestyle, and the Risk of Frailty Among the Elderly in China.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
- Article
- Vaccination assessments using the Demographic and Health Survey, 2005-2018: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2020Article
- Socio-demographic correlates of first dose of measles (MCV1) vaccination coverage in India.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Gender disparities in health care expenditures and financing strategies (HCFS) for inpatient care in India.SSM - population health · 2019Article
- Analysis of State-Specific Differences in Childhood Vaccination Coverage in Rural India.Vaccines · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesDespite India's substantial economic growth in the past two decades, girls in India are discriminated against in access to preventive healthcare including immunizations. Surprisingly, no study has assessed the contribution of gender based within-household discrimination to the overall inequality in immunization status of Indian children. This study therefore has two objectives: to estimate the gender based within-household inequality (GWHI) in immunization status of Indian children and to examine the inter-regional and inter-temporal variations in the GWHI. DATA AND
methodsThe present study used households with a pair of male-female siblings (aged 1-5 years) from two rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS, 1992-93 and 2005-06). The overall inequality in the immunization status (after controlling for age and birth order) of children was decomposed into within-households and between-households components using Mean log deviation to obtain the GWHI component. The analysis was conducted at the all-India level as well as for six specified geographical regions and at two time points (1992-93 and 2005-06). Household fixed-effects models for immunization status of children were also estimated. RESULTS AND
conclusionsFindings from household fixed effects analysis indicated that the immunization scores of girls were significantly lower than that of boys. The inequality decompositions revealed that, at the all-India level, the absolute level of GWHI in immunization status decreased from 0.035 in 1992-93 to 0.023 in 2005-06. However, as a percentage of total inequality, it increased marginally (15.5% to 16.5%). In absolute terms, GWHI decreased in all the regions except in the North-East. But, as a percentage of total inequality it increased in the North-Eastern, Western and Southern regions. The main conclusions are the following: GWHI contributes substantially to the overall inequality in immunization status of Indian children; and though the overall inequality in immunization status declined in all the regions, the changes in GWHI were mixed.
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