ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2012
Child intellectual development in relation to cytokine levels in umbilical cord blood.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and child neurodevelopmental outcomes: a meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2018Pooled it
- Socioeconomic disadvantage, gestational immune activity, and neurodevelopment in early childhood.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Trial
- Maternal systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases and childhood mental disorders: a nationwide cohort study.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Article
- Placental and cord serum inflammatory cytokines and children's domain-specific neurodevelopment at 18 months: effect modification by maternal vitamin D status.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- ADAR1 could be a potential diagnostic target for intrauterine infection patients.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Prenatal maternal Inflammation, childhood cognition and adolescent depressive symptoms.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Interleukin-23 levels in umbilical cord blood are associated with neurodevelopmental trajectories in infancy.PloS one · 2024Article
- Placental inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression and preschool children's cognitive performance: a birth cohort study in China.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- Associations between the human immune system and gut microbiome with neurodevelopment in the first 5 years of life: A systematic scoping review.Developmental psychobiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Serum cytokines are associated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and not with methylmercury measured in infant cord blood in the Seychelles child development study.Environmental research · 2022Article
- Associations of cord blood meta-inflammation and vitamin D with neurodevelopmental delay: A prospective birth cohort study in China.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Association of prenatal modifiable risk factors with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder outcomes at age 10 and 15 in an extremely low gestational age cohort.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- Labor dystocia and risk of histological chorioamnionitis and funisitis: a study from a single tertiary referral center.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Article
- Single-Cell Analysis of the Neonatal Immune System Across the Gestational Age Continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Histological chorioamnionitis and developmental outcomes in very preterm infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2019Article
- Association Between Funisitis and Childhood Intellectual Development: A Prospective Cohort Study.Frontiers in neurology · 2019Article
- Associations between maternal cytokine levels during gestation and measures of child cognitive abilities and executive functioning.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2018Article
- Inflammatory and Immune Proteins in Umbilical Cord Blood: Association with Hearing Screening Test Failure in Preterm Neonates.Mediators of inflammation · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although cytokines play a dual role in the developing neurologic system and in prenatal immune reactions, relations between fetal cytokine levels and child intellectual development remain unknown. The authors investigated associations between umbilical cord serum cytokine concentrations and intellectual outcomes in 369 children within a prospective cohort study, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-University of Alabama Infant Growth Study (1985-1988). Concentrations of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukins 4, 10, and 12p70 were determined. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised was administered at age 5 years, producing verbal and performance intelligence quotients (VIQ and PIQ); associations with each cytokine were evaluated using linear and logistic regression. Log-unit increases in IFN-γ (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46, 0.98) and interleukin-12p70 (aOR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.87) were inversely associated with low PIQ (score <70). One log-unit increase in TNF-α was associated with a reduced odds ratio for low VIQ (score <70) among preterm children (aOR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.94) and an elevated odds ratio for low VIQ among small-for-gestational-age children (aOR = 3.96, 95% CI: 0.99, 15.9). IFN-γ, which is involved in neurogenesis and perinatal adaptive immunity, may be related to fetal neurologic development overall, while TNF-α may be a marker of intellectual development in vulnerable subgroups.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.