ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2012
Canine skin and conjunctival swab samples for the detection and quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA in an endemic urban area in Brazil.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sensitivity of PCR in conjunctival swab samples for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2023Pooled it
- Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Validation of a duplex real-time PCR (qPCR) in clinically classified dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum before and after specific treatment: preliminary results.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Updated Canine Leishmaniosis Working Group recommendations for leishmaniosis in dogs: Q&A on clinical management.Parasites & vectors · 2026Review
- Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in captive wild mammals from an urban zoo in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area of Brazil.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Results of Lymph Node Cytology forVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Occurrence of Leishmania spp. in Roadkilled Wild Mammals on Highways in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2025Article
- Standardization and Evaluation of the LAMP Technique for the Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Conjunctival Swab Samples Using DNA Extracted by a Silica Column and Boiling.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Comparative Study of Colorimetric In Situ Hybridization and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Diagnosis of Infection byTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Immunogenic mapping of rDyn-1 and rKDDR-plus proteins and selection of oligopeptides by immunoblotting for the diagnosis of Leishmania infantum-infected dogs.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Detecting Leishmania in dogs: A hierarchical-modeling approach to investigate the performance of parasitological and qPCR-based diagnostic procedures.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Comparison of immunohistochemical and qPCR methods from granulomatous dermatitis lesions for detection of leishmania in dogs living in endemic areas: a preliminary study.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Conjunctival Swab Real Time-PCR inBiology · 2022Article
- Sensitivity comparison for the Leishmania spp. detection in different canine tissues using PCR-HRM.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2022Article
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- Real-time PCR applications for diagnosis of leishmaniasis.Parasites & vectors · 2018Review
- Serological and molecular diagnostic tests for canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian endemic area: one out of five seronegative dogs are infected.Epidemiology and infection · 2017Article
- Detection and Differentiation of Leishmania spp. in Clinical Specimens by Use of a SYBR Green-Based Real-Time PCR Assay.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2017Article
- A study of visceral leishmaniasis in owned dogs with dermal lesions in Mashhad area, Khorasan Razavi province.Veterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWe evaluated kDNA PCR/hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting the gene of DNA polymerase of Leishmania infantum for CVL diagnosis and assessment of parasite load in clinical samples obtained invasively and non-invasively. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsEighty naturally infected dogs from an endemic urban area in Brazil were used. Animals were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of CVL clinical sings. Skin biopsies, bone marrow, blood and conjunctival swabs samples were collected and submitted to L. infantum DNA detection. In addition, anti-Leishmania antibody titers were measured by Immunofluorescence antibody test. The symptomatic dogs had increased titers compared to asymptomatic dogs (P = 0.025). The frequencies of positive results obtained by kDNA PCR/hybridization for asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs, respectively, were as follows: right conjunctiva, 77.5% and 95.0%; left conjunctiva, 75.0% and 87.5%; skin, 45.0% and 75.0%; bone marrow, 50.0% and 77.5%; and blood, 27.5% and 22.5%. In both groups, the parasite load in the skin samples was the highest (P<0.0001). The parasite loads in the conjunctival swab and bone marrow samples were statistically equivalent within each group. The parasite burden in conjunctival swabs was higher in the dogs with clinical signs than in asymptomatic dogs (P = 0.028). This same relationship was also observed in the bone marrow samples (P = 0.002). No differences in amastigotes load in the skin were detected between the groups.
conclusionsThe conjunctival swab is a suitable clinical sample for qualitative molecular diagnosis of CVL. The highest parasite burdens were detected in skin regardless of the presence of VL-associated clinical signs. The qPCR results emphasized the role of dogs, particularly asymptomatic dogs, as reservoirs for CVL because of the high cutaneous parasite loads. These results may help to explain the maintenance of high transmission rates and numbers of CVL cases in endemic urban regions.
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