ArticlePloS one2012
CSF-biomarkers in Olympic boxing: diagnosis and effects of repetitive head trauma.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 273 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coordinating Global Multi-Site Studies of Military-Relevant Traumatic Brain Injury: Opportunities, Challenges, and Harmonization Guidelines.Brain imaging and behavior · 2021Pooled it
- Potential Blood-based Biomarkers for Concussion.Sports medicine and arthroscopy review · 2016Pooled it
- Elevated Serum Levels of NSE and S-100β Correlate with Increased Risk of Acute Cerebral Infarction in Asian Populations.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2015Pooled it
- Systematic review of clinical studies examining biomarkers of brain injury in athletes after sports-related concussion.Journal of neurotrauma · 2015Pooled it
- The Effect of Propofol Versus Isoflurane Anesthesia on Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers of Alzheimer's Disease: Results of a Randomized Trial.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2016Trial
- Traumatic Brain Injury and the Road to Alzheimer's Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Research progress on biomarkers of traumatic brain injury.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Upregulation of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 in traumatic brain injury patients and their potential as biomarkers.PloS one · 2026Article
- Rapid decline of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of axonal injury and neuroinflammation after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV.Journal of neurovirology · 2025Article
- Biomarkers for Lewy body diseases and other alpha-synucleinopathies in biofluids: current evidence and future directions.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Advancements in diagnosing Post-concussion Syndrome: insights into epidemiology, pathophysiology, neuropathology, neuroimaging, and salivary biomarkers.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Review
- Effects of Selective Head-and-Neck Cooling on Brain Injury-Related Biomarker Levels and Symptom Rating Following a Boxing Bout: Protocol for an Exploratory Randomized Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- APOE4, Blood Neurodegenerative Biomarkers, and Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Functional connectivity changes in neurodegenerative biomarker-positive athletes with repeated concussions.Journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Head Kinematics and Injury Analysis in Elite Bobsleigh Athletes Throughout a World Cup Tour.Journal of athletic training · 2024Article
- Repetitive head injuries in German American football players do not change blood-based biomarker candidates for CTE during a single season.Neurological research and practice · 2024Article
- The Use of Biofluid Markers to Evaluate the Consequences of Sport-Related Subconcussive Head Impact Exposure: A Scoping Review.Sports medicine - open · 2024Article
- Traumatic brain injury: molecular biomarkers, genetics, secondary consequences, and medical management.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Modifiable dementia risk factors and AT(N) biomarkers: findings from the EPAD cohort.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Article
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease Impact Cerebrospinal Fluid β-Amyloid Levels in Vietnam War Veterans.Neurotrauma reports · 2024Article
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSports-related head trauma is common but still there is no established laboratory test used in the diagnostics of minimal or mild traumatic brain injuries. Further the effects of recurrent head trauma on brain injury markers are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Olympic (amateur) boxing and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) brain injury biomarkers.
methodsThe study was designed as a prospective cohort study. Thirty Olympic boxers with a minimum of 45 bouts and 25 non-boxing matched controls were included in the study. CSF samples were collected by lumbar puncture 1-6 days after a bout and after a rest period for at least 14 days. The controls were tested once. Biomarkers for acute and chronic brain injury were analysed.
resultsNFL (mean ± SD, 532±553 vs 135±51 ng/L p = 0.001), GFAP (496±238 vs 247±147 ng/L p<0.001), T-tau (58±26 vs 49±21 ng/L p<0.025) and S-100B (0.76±0.29 vs 0.60±0.23 ng/L p = 0.03) concentrations were significantly increased after boxing compared to controls. NFL (402±434 ng/L p = 0.004) and GFAP (369±113 ng/L p = 0.001) concentrations remained elevated after the rest period.
conclusionIncreased CSF levels of T-tau, NFL, GFAP, and S-100B in >80% of the boxers demonstrate that both the acute and the cumulative effect of head trauma in Olympic boxing may induce CSF biomarker changes that suggest minor central nervous injuries. The lack of normalization of NFL and GFAP after the rest period in a subgroup of boxers may indicate ongoing degeneration. The recurrent head trauma in boxing may be associated with increased risk of chronic traumatic brain injury.
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