Evidence map›Paper›PMID 22496525›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurophysiology2012

Rapid changes in extracellular glutamate induced by natural arousing stimuli and intravenous cocaine in the nucleus accumbens shell and core.

Ken T Wakabayashi, Eugene A Kiyatkin

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurophysiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed
1.9field-weighted citation impact, top 15% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Ken T WakabayashiIn-Vivo Electrophysiology Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Eugene A Kiyatkin
National Institute on Drug Abuse · USNational Institutes of Health · US

Funding

Electrophysiological and electrochemical studues of addictive drugsZIADA000566 · NIDA · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE · PI KIYATKIN, EUGENE A · 2010 to 2025
$10.1M
NIDA Training Program in Neuroscience-Administrative SupplementT32DA007281 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Shelly Beth Flagel · 1995 to 2026
$5.7M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA DA000566NIDA NIH HHS T32 DA007281
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Glutamate (Glu) is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, playing a crucial role in the functioning of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical area implicated in somatosensory integration and regulation of motivated behavior. In this study, high-speed amperometry with enzyme-based biosensors was used in freely moving rats to examine changes in extracellular Glu in the NAc shell and core induced by a tone, tail pinch (TP), social interaction with a male conspecific (SI), and intravenous (iv) cocaine (1 mg/kg). To establish the contribution of Glu to electrochemical signal changes, similar recordings were conducted with null (Glu(0)) sensors, which were exposed to the same chemical and physical environment but were insensitive to Glu. TP, SI, and cocaine, but not a tone, induced relatively large and prolonged current increases detected by both Glu and Glu(0) sensors. However, current differentials revealed very rapid, much smaller, and transient increases in extracellular Glu levels, more predominantly in the NAc shell than core. In contrast to monophasic responses with natural stimuli, cocaine induced a biphasic Glu increase in the shell, with a transient peak during the injection and a slower postinjection peak. Therefore, Glu is phasically released in the NAc after exposure to natural arousing stimuli and cocaine; this release is rapid, stimulus dependent, and structure specific, suggesting its role in triggering neural and behavioral activation induced by these stimuli. This study also demonstrates the need for multiple in vitro and in vivo controls to reveal relatively small, highly phasic, and transient fluctuations in Glu levels occurring under behaviorally relevant conditions.

Indexed as

Analysis of VarianceAnimalsBody TemperatureBrainCocaineDopamine Uptake InhibitorsElectrochemistryExtracellular FluidGlutamic AcidInfusions, IntravenousInterpersonal RelationsLocomotionMaleNucleus AccumbensPainPhysical StimulationCocaineDopamine Uptake InhibitorsGlutamic Acid

Identifiers

PMID22496525
PMCPMC3434613
OpenAlexW2114131797

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.