ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2012
Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ and D₂ with academic performance in childhood: findings from a prospective birth cohort.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Vitamin D deficiency and fatigue in children: an overlooked but modifiable factor?World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2025Article
- Vitamin D status and its determinants among Chinese infants and toddlers in Hong Kong.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Academic Performance among Adolescent Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Role of Neural Stem Cells and Vitamin D Receptor (VDR)-Mediated Cellular Signaling in the Mitigation of Neurological Diseases.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Review
- Association of vitamin D nutrition with neuro-developmental outcome of infants of slums in Bangladesh.PloS one · 2019Observational
- Plasma 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Is Not Associated with Either Cognitive Function or Academic Performance in Adolescents.Nutrients · 2018Article
- Vitamin D, Cognition and Alzheimer's Disease: The Therapeutic Benefit is in the D-Tails.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2016Review
- The relationship between long-term sunlight radiation and cognitive decline in the REGARDS cohort study.International journal of biometeorology · 2014Article
- Article
- Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D and its association with childhood atopic outcomes and lung function.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2013Article
- Measurement of circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin d using three commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits with comparison to liquid chromatography: tandem mass spectrometry method.ISRN nutrition · 2013Article
- The association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and D2 with behavioural problems in childhood.PloS one · 2012Article
- Role of calcium metabolism in ADHD: The relationship between parathyroid hormone and ADHD symptom severity.Indian journal of psychiatryArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHigher total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations have been associated with better cognitive function mainly in cross-sectional studies in adults. It is unknown if the associations of different forms of 25(OH)D (25(OH)D(3) and 25(OH)D(2)) are similar.
methodsProspective cohort study (n=3171) with serum 25(OH)D(3) and 25(OH)D(2) concentrations measured at mean age of 9.8 years and academic performance at age 13-14 years (total scores in English, mathematics and science) and 15-16 years (performance in General Certificates of Education examinations).
resultsSerum 25(OH)D(3) concentrations were not associated with any educational outcomes. Higher 25(OH)D(2) concentrations were associated with worse performance in English at age 13-14 years (adjusted SD change per doubling in 25(OH)D(2) (95% CI) -0.05 (-0.08 to -0.01)) and with worse academic performance at age 15-16 years (adjusted OR for obtaining ≥5 A*-C grades (95% CI) 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00)).
conclusionThe null findings with 25(OH)D(3) are in line with two previous cross-sectional studies in children. It is possible that the positive association of 25(OH)D with cognitive function seen in adults does not emerge until later in life or that the results from previous cross-sectional adult studies are due to reverse causality. The unexpected inverse association of 25(OH)D(2) with academic performance requires replication in further studies. Taken together, our findings do not support suggestions that children should have controlled exposure to sunlight, or vitamin D supplements, in order to increase academic performance.
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