Evidence map›Paper›PMID 22493232›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2012

Robust self-replication of combinatorial information via crystal growth and scission.

Rebecca Schulman, Bernard Yurke, Erik Winfree

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
35citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

35 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Fuel-Driven Catalytic Molecular Templating.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2026
    Article
  3. Review
  4. The principles of systems biology.Experimental physiology · 2026
    Review
  5. Evolutionary features in a minimal physical system: Diversity, selection, growth, inheritance, and adaptation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  6. Article
  7. An enzyme-based approach for highly efficient self-replication of DNA origami dimers.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  8. Cross-chiral exponential amplification of an RNA enzyme.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Mutations in artificial self-replicating tiles: A step toward Darwinian evolution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021
    Article
  15. Natural Selection beyond Life? A Workshop Report.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021
    Article
  16. Microchemomechanical devices using DNA hybridization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Constructing Large 2D Lattices Out of DNA-Tiles.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021
    Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Rebecca SchulmanComputer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. rschulm3@jhu.edu
Bernard Yurke
Erik Winfree

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Understanding how a simple chemical system can accurately replicate combinatorial information, such as a sequence, is an important question for both the study of life in the universe and for the development of evolutionary molecular design techniques. During biological sequence replication, a nucleic acid polymer serves as a template for the enzyme-catalyzed assembly of a complementary sequence. Enzymes then separate the template and complement before the next round of replication. Attempts to understand how replication could occur more simply, such as without enzymes, have largely focused on developing minimal versions of this replication process. Here we describe how a different mechanism, crystal growth and scission, can accurately replicate chemical sequences without enzymes. Crystal growth propagates a sequence of bits while mechanically-induced scission creates new growth fronts. Together, these processes exponentially increase the number of crystal sequences. In the system we describe, sequences are arrangements of DNA tile monomers within ribbon-shaped crystals. 99.98% of bits are copied correctly and 78% of 4-bit sequences are correct after two generations; roughly 40 sequence copies are made per growth front per generation. In principle, this process is accurate enough for 1,000-fold replication of 4-bit sequences with 50% yield, replication of longer sequences, and darwinian evolution. We thus demonstrate that neither enzymes nor covalent bond formation are required for robust chemical sequence replication. The form of the replicated information is also compatible with the replication and evolution of a wide class of materials with precise nanoscale geometry such as plasmonic nanostructures or heterogeneous protein assemblies.

Indexed as

CrystallizationDNA ReplicationBiocatalysisDNAEvolution, MolecularDNA

Identifiers

PMID22493232
PMCPMC3340064

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.