ArticleNeurology2012
Effects of fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: outcomes at age 4.5 years.
Article in Neurology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study.The Lancet. Neurology · 2013Trial
- Maternal and umbilical cord plasma concentrations of antiseizure medications: Results from the observational MONEAD study.Epilepsia · 2026Observational
- A Scoping Review of Human Teratogens and Their Impact on the Developing Brain: A Contribution From the ConcePTION Project.Birth defects research · 2025Article
- Article
- Prenatal exposure to psychotropics and analgesics on cognitive, linguistic and educational outcomes - a scoping review with focus on validity and reliability of outcome measures.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- The Fundamentals of Antiseizure Medications: A Through Z.Epilepsy currents · 2024Article
- Epilepsy Treatment Outcome and Its Predictors Among Children Who Had Chronic Follow Up at Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital.Patient related outcome measures · 2024Article
- Early life phenobarbital exposure dysregulates the hippocampal transcriptome.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes of Rhesus Macaques Following Neonatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medications.Annals of neurology · 2023Article
- Mild hypothermia fails to protect infant macaques from brain injury caused by prolonged exposure to Antiseizure drugs.Neurobiology of disease · 2022Article
- Maternal Epilepsy and Long-term Offspring Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Annals of neurology · 2022Article
- Neurocognitive Effects of Antiseizure Medications in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy.Paediatric drugs · 2021Review
- Brain pathology caused in the neonatal macaque by short and prolonged exposures to anticonvulsant drugs.Neurobiology of disease · 2021Article
- Is Valproate Reasonable?The American journal of psychiatry · 2021Article
- Optimization of Ultrasound Backscatter Spectroscopy to Assess Neurotoxic Effects of Anesthesia in the Newborn Non-human Primate Brain.Ultrasound in medicine & biology · 2020Article
- Psychotropic Treatment During Pregnancy: Research Synthesis and Clinical Care Principles.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2020Review
- Cannabinoids: A New Perspective on Epileptogenesis and Seizure Treatment in Early Life in Basic and Clinical Studies.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2020Article
- Mild hypothermia ameliorates anesthesia toxicity in the neonatal macaque brain.Neurobiology of disease · 2019Article
- Quantitative ultrasound and apoptotic death in the neonatal primate brain.Neurobiology of disease · 2019Article
- Antiepileptic Drug Treatment Patterns in Women of Childbearing Age With Epilepsy.JAMA neurology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
13 authors at 20 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine outcomes at age 4.5 years and compare to earlier ages in children with fetal antiepileptic drug (AED) exposure.
methodsThe NEAD Study is an ongoing prospective observational multicenter study, which enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy on AED monotherapy (1999-2004) to determine if differential long-term neurodevelopmental effects exist across 4 commonly used AEDs (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, or valproate). The primary outcome is IQ at 6 years of age. Planned analyses were conducted using Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID at age 2) and Differential Ability Scale (IQ at ages 3 and 4.5).
resultsMultivariate intent-to-treat (n = 310) and completer (n = 209) analyses of age 4.5 IQ revealed significant effects for AED group. IQ for children exposed to valproate was lower than each other AED. Adjusted means (95% confidence intervals) were carbamazepine 106 (102-109), lamotrigine 106 (102-109), phenytoin 105 (102-109), valproate 96 (91-100). IQ was negatively associated with valproate dose, but not other AEDs. Maternal IQ correlated with child IQ for children exposed to the other AEDs, but not valproate. Age 4.5 IQ correlated with age 2 BSID and age 3 IQ. Frequency of marked intellectual impairment diminished with age except for valproate (10% with IQ <70 at 4.5 years). Verbal abilities were impaired for all 4 AED groups compared to nonverbal skills.
conclusionsAdverse cognitive effects of fetal valproate exposure persist to 4.5 years and are related to performances at earlier ages. Verbal abilities may be impaired by commonly used AEDs. Additional research is needed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.