SynthesisClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2012
Severe outcomes are associated with genogroup 2 genotype 4 norovirus outbreaks: a systematic literature review.
Synthesis in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled prevalence and genetic diversity of norovirus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Virology journal · 2022Pooled it
- Diagnostic Accuracy of Immunochromatographic Tests for the Detection of Norovirus in Stool Specimens: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Microbiology spectrum · 2021Pooled it
- 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2017Guideline
- A decade of norovirus disease risk among older adults in upper-middle and high income countries: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Pooled it
- Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2014Pooled it
- Norovirus in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals: cytokines and viral shedding.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2016Trial
- Serological Correlates of Protection against a GII.4 Norovirus.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2015Trial
- Norovirus vaccine against experimental human GII.4 virus illness: a challenge study in healthy adults.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Trial
- Correlation of Norovirus in Wastewater with Gastroenteritis-Related Hospitalizations, New York, USA, 2022-2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Norovirus Infections in Early Life; the PREVAIL Cohort, 2017-2020.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Response of dendritic cells and T cells to virus-like particles formed from norovirus viral protein-1 (VP1N) or chimeric molecules containing a fragment of VP1N and polypeptides of echovirus 30.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- Characterization of high affinity IgM and IgG monoclonal antibodies against norovirus variants GII.4 and GII.17.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Article
- Characterization of humoral and cellular immunity induced by mRNA vaccines expressing norovirus VP1 proteins in mice and NHPs.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Detection of Norovirus from Berries in Serbia by Digital PCR and NGS.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Updates and Current Knowledge on the Common Forms of Gastroenteritis: A Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Multi-Province Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis Linked to Potential Novel Lineage of GII.17 Norovirus in Argentina in 2024.Viruses · 2025Article
- Activity and cryo-EM structure of the polymerase domain of the human norovirus ProPol precursor.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- The genetic diversity of genogroup I noroviruses causing acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Beijing between 2014 and 2023.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Norovirus acute gastroenteritis amongst US and European travellers to areas of moderate to high risk of travellers' diarrhoea: a prospective cohort study.Journal of travel medicine · 2024Observational
- A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development.NPJ vaccines · 2024Review
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNoroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis; however, the relative impacts of individual factors underlying severe illness are poorly understood. This report reviews published NoV outbreak reports to quantify hospitalization and mortality rates and assess their relationship with outbreak setting, transmission route, and strain.
methodsUsing a string of terms related to "norovirus" and "outbreak," we 2435 nonduplicate articles identified in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Knowledge published between January 1993 and June 2011. Inclusion criteria included outbreaks with a minimum of 2 ill persons with a common exposure and at least 1 reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed case of NoV disease. Univariate analyses were performed, and multivariable models were fitted to estimate the independent effect of each factor.
resultsWe analyzed 843 NoV outbreaks reported in 233 published articles from 45 countries. Based upon 71724 illnesses, 501 hospitalizations, and 45 deaths, overall hospitalization and mortality rates were 0.54% and 0.06%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, genogroup 2 genotype 4 (GII.4) NoV strains were associated with higher hospitalization (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 9.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1-14.4; P< .001) and mortality rates (IRR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.6; P = .01). Deaths were much more likely to occur in outbreaks occurring in healthcare facilities (IRR, 60; 95% CI, 6-109; P = .01).
conclusionsOur review suggests that hospitalizations and deaths were more likely in outbreaks associated with GII.4 viruses, independent of other factors, and underscores the importance of developing vaccines against GII.4 viruses to prevent severe disease outcomes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.