ArticleTobacco control2013
Predictors of tobacco outlet density nationwide: a geographic analysis.
Article in Tobacco control, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 155 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Self-efficacy as a pathway to long-term smoking cessation among low-income parents in the multilevel Kids Safe and Smokefree intervention.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Trial
- Objective and perceived neighborhood characteristics and tobacco use among young adults.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2014Trial
- Patterns of specialty tobacco retail locations and visitor counts in the USA.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Modelling how age-restricted location policies would impact tobacco retailer density in four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina and Ohio.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Supply and demand effects between tobacco retailer density and smoking prevalence.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Determinants of tobacco product sales near educational institutions in Telangana and Meghalaya.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Tobacco retailer density and rurality across four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina, and Ohio.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- Age Restricted Location Policies: A Potential Strategy for Advancing the Tobacco Endgame.American journal of public health · 2025Article
- Perceived Tobacco Accessibility and Cigar Initiation: Exploring Racial and Ethnic Differences.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
- Racial Differences in Over-the-Counter Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use Among Individuals at Risk of Adverse Cardiovascular Events.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions and Youth E-cigarette Behavior: Impact by Tobacco Retailer Density in Diverse Communities in California.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Emotional dysregulation among English-speaking Hispanic persons who smoke living in the United states.Addictive behaviors · 2024Article
- Impact and Equity of New York City's Tobacco Retail Reduction Initiative.American journal of preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Spatial Clustering of Tobacco Retailers Near US Public Schools.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Urban-rural differences in tobacco product availability in food retailers, United States, 2017.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2023Article
- Population and Neighborhood Correlates of Cannabis Dispensary Locations in Oklahoma.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2023Article
- Restricting Tobacco Retail Outlets Around Middle and High Schools as a Way to Reduce Tobacco Marketing Disparities: A Simulation Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- A Cross-sectional Analysis of Socio-spatial Patterning of Tobacco Retail in Shanghai, China.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo elucidate how demographics of US Census tracts are related to tobacco outlet density (TOD).
methodThe authors conducted a nationwide assessment of the association between socio-demographic US Census indicators and the density of tobacco outlets across all 64,909 census tracts in the continental USA. Retail tobacco outlet addresses were determined through North American Industry Classification System codes, and density per 1000 population was estimated for each census tract. Independent variables included urban/rural; proportion of the population that was black, Hispanic and women with low levels of education; proportion of families living in poverty and median household size.
resultsIn a multivariate analysis, there was a higher TOD per 1000 population in urban than in rural locations. Furthermore, higher TOD was associated with larger proportions of blacks, Hispanics, women with low levels of education and with smaller household size. Urban-rural differences in the relation between demographics and TOD were found in all socio-demographic categories, with the exception of poverty, but were particularly striking for Hispanics, for whom the relation with TOD was 10 times larger in urban compared with rural census tracts.
conclusionsThe findings suggest that tobacco outlets are more concentrated in areas where people with higher risk for negative health outcomes reside. Future studies should examine the relation between TOD and smoking, smoking cessation, as well as disease rates.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.