ArticleInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2013
The impact of bacterial and viral co-infection in severe influenza.
Article in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emerging strategies for the noninvasive diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia.Expert review of anti-infective therapy · 2019Pooled it
- The frequency of influenza and bacterial coinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2016Pooled it
- Clinical disease severity of respiratory viral co-infection versus single viral infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
- Excessive pyroptosis mediates the exacerbation of pneumonia caused by low-lethality influenza virus and secondary MRSA co-infection.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- Viral respiratory infections in the pediatric intensive care unit: a comparative study of clinical outcomes in Syrian refugees and Turkish children.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics analysis and prediction model construction for pediatric influenza virus pneumonia complicated by bacterial infection.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Acute Respiratory and Influenza Viruses Circulating in Kazakhstan During 2018-2024.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Timing of Influenza Antiviral Therapy and Risk of Death in Adults Hospitalized With Influenza-Associated Pneumonia, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), 2012-2019.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Therapeutic JAK inhibition does not impact lung injury during viral or bacterial pneumonia in male mice.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Influenza and Aging: Clinical Manifestations, Complications, and Treatment Approaches in Older Adults.Drugs & aging · 2025Review
- Case Report: Re-expansion pulmonary edema following a pneumothorax drainage in a patient with H1N1 andFrontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Analysis of epidemic trend of respiratory pathogens in children after long-term pathogen isolation.PeerJ · 2025Article
- Burden and Risk Factors for Coinfections in Patients with a Viral Respiratory Tract Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Human metapneumovirus infection is associated with a substantial morbidity and mortality burden in adult inpatients.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Impact of bronchoalveolar lavage from influenza A virus diseased pigs on neutrophil functions and growth of co-infecting pathogenic bacteria.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Staphylococcus epidermidis induced toxic shock syndrome (TSS) secondary to influenza infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Spread of Pathogens Causing Respiratory Viral Diseases Before and During CoVID-19 Pandemic in Kazakhstan.Indian journal of microbiology · 2023Article
- NLRP6 Induces Lung Injury and Inflammation Early in Brucella and Influenza Coinfection.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- Impact on in-hospital mortality of ceftaroline versus standard of care in community-acquired pneumonia: a propensity-matched analysis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2022Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMany questions remain concerning the burden, risk factors and impact of bacterial and viral co-infection in patients with pandemic influenza admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).
objectivesTo examine the burden, risk factors and impact of bacterial and viral co-infection in Australian patients with severe influenza. PATIENTS/
methodsA cohort study conducted in 14 ICUs was performed. Patients with proven influenza A during the 2009 influenza season were eligible for inclusion. Demographics, risk factors, clinical data, microbiological data, complications and outcomes were collected. Polymerase chain reaction for additional bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens was performed on stored respiratory samples.
resultsCo-infection was identified in 23·3-26·9% of patients with severe influenza A infection: viral co-infection, 3·2-3·4% and bacterial co-infection, 20·5-24·7%. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent bacterial co-infection followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Patients with co-infection were younger [mean difference in age = 8·46 years (95% CI: 0·18-16·74 years)], less likely to have significant co-morbidities (32·0% versus 66·2%, P = 0·004) and less frequently obese [mean difference in body mass index = 6·86 (95% CI: 1·77-11·96)] compared to those without co-infection.
conclusionsBacterial or viral co-infection complicated one in four patients admitted to ICU with severe influenza A infection. Despite the co-infected patients being younger and with fewer co-morbidities, no significant difference in outcomes was observed. It is likely that co-infection contributed to a need for ICU admission in those without other risk factors for severe influenza disease. Empiric antibiotics with staphylococcal activity should be strongly considered in all patients with severe influenza A infection.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.