ReviewClinical & developmental immunology2012
Incomplete immune recovery in HIV infection: mechanisms, relevance for clinical care, and possible solutions.
Review in Clinical & developmental immunology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Discordant Immune Response with Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-1: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of Mianyi granules (+mianyi+) for reversal of immune nonresponse following antiretroviral therapy of human immunodeficiency virus-1: a randomized, double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled trial.Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2022Trial
- Mesenchymal stromal cells in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with discordant immune response: Early results of a phase I/II clinical trial.Stem cells translational medicine · 2021Trial
- Risk Factors for Low CD4+ Count Recovery Despite Viral Suppression Among Participants Initiating Antiretroviral Treatment With CD4+ Counts > 500 Cells/mm3: Findings From the Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Therapy (START) Trial.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Thymic Involution and Function in People With HIV and General Population Controls: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From Two Danish Cohort Studies.Aging cell · 2026Article
- Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment Outcomes in Patients with HIV Under Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F accelerates CD4Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- TRAIL (DR5) receptor and the modulation of TRAIL pathway in PLWHIV: key mechanisms in the progression of HIV disease.BMC molecular and cell biology · 2025Article
- The influence of extrinsic apoptosis gene expression on immunological reconstitution of male ART-treated PLHIV.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Altered KEGG pathways are associated with different immunologic responses to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected men who have sex with men.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- How to properly define immunological nonresponse to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV? an integrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Role of the CARD8 inflammasome in HIV pathogenesis.Cell insight · 2024Review
- HIV-Induced Thymic Insufficiency and Aging-Related Immunosenescence on Immune Reconstitution in ART-Treated Patients.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Clinical outcomes and risk factors for immune recovery and all-cause mortality in Latin Americans living with HIV with virological success: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
- Incomplete Immune Reconstitution and Traditional Chinese Medicine in Patients with HIV/AIDS: Challenges and Perspectives.Infection and drug resistance · 2024Review
- (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide for HIV immunological non-responders receiving ART: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase II study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2023Article
- The link between chronic cocaine use, B cell perturbations, and blunted immune recovery in HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2023Article
- Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment of HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) usually results in diminished viral replication, increasing CD4⁺ cell counts, a reversal of most immunological disturbances, and a reduction in risk of morbidity and mortality. However, approximately 20% of all HIV-infected patients do not achieve optimal immune reconstitution despite suppression of viral replication. These patients are referred to as immunological nonresponders (INRs). INRs present with severely altered immunological functions, including malfunction and diminished production of cells within lymphopoetic tissue, perturbed frequencies of immune regulators such as regulatory T cells and Th17 cells, and increased immune activation, immunosenescence, and apoptosis. Importantly, INRs have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality compared to HIV-infected patients with an optimal immune reconstitution. Additional treatment to HAART that may improve immune reconstitution has been investigated, but results thus far have proved disappointing. The reason for immunological nonresponse is incompletely understood. This paper summarizes the known and unknown factors regarding the incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV infection, including mechanisms, relevance for clinical care, and possible solutions.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.