ArticleImmunity2012
Interleukin-2 inhibits germinal center formation by limiting T follicular helper cell differentiation.
Article in Immunity, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 348 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
348 citing papers in PubMed, 512 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Common variable immunodeficiency-associated endotoxemia promotes early commitment to the T follicular lineage.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2019Trial
- Subclinical Reactivation of Cytomegalovirus Drives CD4+CD28null T-Cell Expansion and Impaired Immune Response to Pneumococcal Vaccination in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Trial
- Receptor binding domain-independent pancoronavirus vaccine design by fusion of conserved T/B Epitopes.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Targeting T follicular helper cells for lifelong health.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Regulation of follicular helper T cell subset differentiation in health and disease.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Article
- Bidirectional regulation by BACH2 coordinates systemic CXCR5- vs. CXCR5+ CD4+ T cell differentiation.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- TGF-β and IL-2 differentially shape T follicular regulatory cell differentiation and stability in vitro.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- Vaccine Responses in Early Age.Vaccines · 2026Review
- IL-2 mutein promotes antigen-specific transplant acceptance in mice through expansion of ST2Nature communications · 2026Article
- An early protective effect of IL-9 in murine systemic lupus erythematosus.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Article
- Taming immune responses to AAV gene therapy by programmed in vivo Treg expansion.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- An "old" cytokine's new trick: IL-1β in B cells and the germinal center.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- IL-2 silencing enables Tfh cell expansion during vaccination but is redundant for antibody production.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Article
- A Human Lymph node-on-a-Chip for Personalized Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity.Research square · 2026Article
- The MEK1/2-IRF4 axis fosters T follicular helper cell differentiationand antitumor humoral immune response.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Divergent effects of a Treg-selective IL-2 mutein on influenza-specific T cell responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Divergent phenotypic and functional roles of human T follicular helper cells from infancy to adulthood.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- CD4/CD8 ratio is associated with structural reorganization of vaccine-induced immune responses in people living with HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
288 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells promote T cell-dependent humoral immune responses by providing T cell help to B cells and by promoting germinal center (GC) formation and long-lived antibody responses. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control Tfh cell differentiation in vivo are incompletely understood. Here we show that interleukin-2 (IL-2) administration impaired influenza-specific GCs, long-lived IgG responses, and Tfh cells. IL-2 did not directly inhibit GC formation, but instead suppressed the differentiation of Tfh cells, thereby hindering the maintenance of influenza-specific GC B cells. Our data demonstrate that IL-2 is a critical factor that regulates successful Tfh and B cell responses in vivo and regulates Tfh cell development.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.