ArticleJournal of cell science2012
Botulinum neurotoxin D-C uses synaptotagmin I and II as receptors, and human synaptotagmin II is not an effective receptor for type B, D-C and G toxins.
Article in Journal of cell science, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- A belt-buckle checkpoint regulates the onset of botulinum neurotoxin intoxication.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Therapeutic botulinum toxin preparations: an update.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Advances in Clostridial Neurotoxins: Passage of the Intestinal Barrier and Targeting of Specific Neuronal Cells.Toxins · 2026Review
- Activity of botulinum neurotoxin X and its structure when shielded by a non-toxic non-hemagglutinin protein.Communications chemistry · 2024Article
- Emergence of Novel Type C Botulism Strain in Household Outbreak, Japan.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Botulinum neurotoxins: Future innovations.Medicine · 2023Article
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- Article
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- Knockin mouse models demonstrate differential contributions of synaptotagmin-1 and -2 as receptors for botulinum neurotoxins.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- A Four-Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes Multiple Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes C and D.Toxins · 2021Article
- Article
- Emerging Opportunities in Human Pluripotent Stem-Cells Based Assays to Explore the Diversity of Botulinum Neurotoxins as Future Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Characterization of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) and fibroblast growth factor receptor interactions using novel receptor dimerization assay.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The Structure and Classification of Botulinum Toxins.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2021Article
- The 25 kDa HToxins · 2020Article
- Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype B2 Binding to Its Receptors.Toxins · 2020Article
- Characterization of a membrane binding loop leads to engineering botulinum neurotoxin B with improved therapeutic efficacy.PLoS biology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are classified into seven types (A-G), but multiple subtype and mosaic toxins exist. These subtype and mosaic toxins share a high sequence identity, and presumably the same receptors and substrates with their parental toxins. Here, we report that a mosaic toxin, type D-C (BoNT/D-C), uses different receptors from its parental toxin BoNT/C. BoNT/D-C, but not BoNT/C, binds directly to the luminal domains of synaptic vesicle proteins synaptotagmin (Syt) I and II, and requires expression of SytI/II to enter neurons. The SytII luminal fragment containing the toxin-binding site can block the entry of BoNT/D-C into neurons and reduce its toxicity in vivo in mice. We also found that gangliosides increase binding of BoNT/D-C to SytI/II and enhance the ability of the SytII luminal fragment to block BoNT/D-C entry into neurons. These data establish SytI/II, in conjunction with gangliosides, as the receptors for BoNT/D-C, and indicate that BoNT/D-C is functionally distinct from BoNT/C. We further found that BoNT/D-C recognizes the same binding site on SytI/II where BoNT/B and G also bind, but utilizes a receptor-binding interface that is distinct from BoNT/B and G. Finally, we also report that human and chimpanzee SytII has diminished binding and function as the receptor for BoNT/B, D-C and G owing to a single residue change from rodent SytII within the toxin binding site, potentially reducing the potency of these BoNTs in humans and chimpanzees.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.