ArticleParasites & vectors2012
Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma spp. and Leishmania infantum in apparently healthy and CVBD-suspect dogs in Portugal--a national serological study.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed.
- Epidemiological and Molecular Investigation ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Nationwide seroepidemiology of canine exposure to Ehrlichia canis and Babesia spp. in Portugal (2015-2025): One Health biosentinel surveillance.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Intracellular Parasitic Infections Caused byVaccines · 2025Review
- Serological detection of Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. antibodies, and Dirofilaria immitis antigen in stray dogs in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- Raising Awareness of Canine, Feline and Human Dirofilariosis in Aveiro, Portugal: A One Health Perspective.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Comparison of ELISA and IFAT for Leishmania infantum by European and Middle Eastern diagnostic laboratories.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Lyme disease in companion animals: an updated state-of-art and current situation in Portugal.Veterinary research communications · 2024Review
- Transmission risk of vector-borne bacterial diseases (Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia canis) in Spain and Portugal.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Current State of CanineAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Article
- Molecular detection of Spirochetes andOpen veterinary journal · 2023Article
- The estimated distribution of autochthonous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in Europe in 2005-2020.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Review
- Genetic diversity of vector-borne pathogens in ixodid ticks infesting dogs from Pakistan with notes on Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia raoultii and Dirofilaria immitis detection.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Co-infection patterns of vector-borne zoonotic pathogens in owned free-ranging dogs in central Chile.Veterinary research communications · 2023Article
- Current Risk of Dirofilariosis Transmission in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and the Balearic Islands (Spain) and Its Future Projection under Climate Change Scenarios.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Use of In-Clinic Diagnostic Kits for the Detection of Seropositivity toPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- What Has Happened to Heartworm Disease in Europe in the Last 10 Years?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Seropositivity of main vector-borne pathogens in dogs across Europe.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- The Relevance of Screening for Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs with Proteinuria Living in an Endemic Region: A Retrospective Study.Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCanine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are caused by a wide range of pathogens transmitted to dogs by arthropods including ticks and insects. Many CVBD-agents are of zoonotic concern, with dogs potentially serving as reservoirs and sentinels for human infections. The present study aimed at assessing the seroprevalence of infection with or exposure to Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma spp. and Leishmania infantum in dogs in Portugal.
methodsBased on 120 veterinary medical centres from all the regions of mainland and insular Portugal, 557 apparently healthy and 628 CVBD-suspect dogs were sampled. Serum, plasma or whole blood was tested for qualitative detection of D. immitis antigen and antibodies to E. canis, B. burgdorferi s. l., Anaplasma spp. and L. infantum with two commercial in-clinic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression analysis to identify independent risk factors of exposure to the vector-borne agents.
resultsTotal positivity levels to D. immitis, E. canis, B. burgdorferi, Anaplasma spp., L. infantum, one or more agents and mixed agents were 3.6%, 4.1%, 0.2%, 4.5%, 4.3%, 14.0% and 2.0% in the healthy group, and 8.9%, 16.4%, 0.5%, 9.2%, 25.2%, 46.3% and 11.6% in the clinically suspect group, respectively. Non-use of ectoparasiticides was a risk factor for positivity to one or more agents both in the apparently healthy (OR = 2.1) and CVBD-suspect (OR = 1.5) dogs. Seropositivity to L. infantum (OR = 7.6), E. canis (OR = 4.1) and D. immitis (OR = 2.4) were identified as risk factors for the presence of clinical signs compatible with CVBDs. Positivity to mixed agents was not found to be a risk factor for disease.
conclusionsDogs in Portugal are at risk of becoming infected with vector-borne pathogens, some of which are of zoonotic concern. CVBDs should be considered by practitioners and prophylactic measures must be put in place to protect dogs and limit the risk of transmission of vector-borne agents to humans. This study is expected to give veterinary and public health authorities an increased awareness about CVBDs in Portugal and to serve as a reference for future investigations and control actions.
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