ArticleEuropean journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology2012
Risk factors for Clostridium difficile toxin-positive diarrhea: a population-based prospective case-control study.
Article in European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Epidemiologic profile of community-acquiredEpidemiology and infection · 2025Pooled it
- Global burden ofJournal of global health · 2019Pooled it
- Magnitude and direction of the association between Clostridium difficile infection and proton pump inhibitors in adults and pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of gastroenterology · 2018Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of Clostridium difficile infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2017Pooled it
- Comparison of pediatric and adult antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infections.World journal of gastroenterology · 2016Pooled it
- Asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic C. difficile in long-term care facilities: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- Parameters for the mathematical modelling of Clostridium difficile acquisition and transmission: a systematic review.PloS one · 2013Pooled it
- Influence of n-acetylcysteine maintenance on the pharmacodynamic effects of oral ethanol.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2020Trial
- Epidemiology ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Risk Factors forAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Nucleotide-Binding Domain Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein 1 withInfection and drug resistance · 2023Article
- Proton-Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Community-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Role of Surgery inClinics in colon and rectal surgery · 2020Review
- Risk Factors for PrimaryFrontiers in public health · 2020Observational
- Acid-Suppressive Therapy and Risk of Infections: Pros and Cons.Clinical drug investigation · 2017Review
- Efficacy of Antibiotic Suppressive Therapy in Patients with a Prosthetic Joint Infection.Journal of bone and joint infection · 2017Article
- Clostridium difficile Infection and Fecal Microbiota Transplant.AACN advanced critical care · 2016Review
- Bloom and bust: intestinal microbiota dynamics in response to hospital exposures and Clostridium difficile colonization or infection.Microbiome · 2016Article
- Antimicrobial Use, Human Gut Microbiota and Clostridium difficile Colonization and Infection.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Review
- Doxycycline and Tigecycline: Two Friendly Drugs with a Low Association with Clostridium Difficile Infection.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Increased incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) is of major concern. However, by minimizing known risk factors, the incidence can be decreased. The aim of this investigation was to calculate the incidence and assess risk factors for CDI in our population. A 1-year prospective population-based nationwide study in Iceland of CDIs was carried out. For risk factor evaluation, each case was matched with two age- and sex-matched controls that tested negative for C. difficile toxin. A total of 128 CDIs were identified. The crude incidence was 54 cases annually per 100,000 population >18 years of age. Incidence increased exponentially with older age (319 per 100,000 population >86 years of age). Community-acquired origin was 27 %. Independent risk factors included: dicloxacillin (odds ratio [OR]: 7.55, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.89-30.1), clindamycin (OR: 6.09, 95 % CI: 2.23-16.61), ceftriaxone (OR: 4.28, 95 % CI: 1.59-11.49), living in a retirement home (OR: 3.9, 95 % CI: 1.69-9.16), recent hospital stay (OR: 2.3, 95 % CI: 1.37-3.87). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were used by 60/111 (54 %) versus 91/222 (41 %) (p = 0.026) and ciprofloxacin 19/111 (17 %) versus 19/222 (9 %) (p = 0.027) for cases and controls, respectively. In all, 75 % of primary CDIs treated with metronidazole recovered from one course of treatment. CDI was mostly found among elderly patients. The most commonly identified risk factors were broad-spectrum antibiotics and recent contact with health care institutions. PPI use was significantly more prevalent among CDI patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.