ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2012
Estimating rates of carriage acquisition and clearance and competitive ability for pneumococcal serotypes in Kenya with a Markov transition model.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 61 papers.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
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- What is driving the resurgence and persistence of vaccine-targeted pneumococcal serotypes?-Serotype 19F as the paradigm.PLoS pathogens · 2026Review
- Second-order regulation: IFN-γ suppresses IL-17A-mediated type 3 inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Assessing the effect of social contact structure on the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Identification of age-group reservoirs for persistent vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage in rural Gambia.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2025Article
- Quantifying the effects of antibiotic resistance and within-host competition on strain fitness in Streptococcus pneumoniae.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Genomic and functional insights into commensal streptococci with anti-pneumococcal activity.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Temporal changes in pneumococcal carriage among childcare-attending children during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Greater New Haven Area, USA.Research square · 2025Article
- Inference of Pairwise Interactions from Strain Frequency Data Across Settings and Context-Dependent Mutual Invasibilities.Bulletin of mathematical biology · 2025Article
- Temporal changes in pneumococcal carriage among childcare-attending children during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Greater New Haven Area, USA.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Comparative Genotyping of Malaysian Clinical Isolates ofThe Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2025Article
- Estimating pneumococcal carriage dynamics in adults living with HIV in a mature infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine programme in Malawi, a modelling study.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Bacterial and viral etiology of acute respiratory infection among the Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMNs) in fragile settings in Cox's Bazar- a prospective case-control study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Unmasking Pneumococcal Carriage in a High Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Prevalence Population in two Community Cohorts in South Africa, 2016-2018: The PHIRST Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Article
- Approximate likelihood-based estimation method of multiple-type pathogen interactions: An application to longitudinal pneumococcal carriage data.Statistics in medicine · 2022Article
- Estimating the contribution of HIV-infected adults to household pneumococcal transmission in South Africa, 2016-2018: A hidden Markov modelling study.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- The ratio of single to co-colonization is key to complexity in interacting systems with multiple strains.Ecology and evolution · 2021Article
- Pneumococcal Competition Modulates Antibiotic Resistance in the Pre-Vaccination Era: A Modelling Study.Vaccines · 2021Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere are more than 90 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, with varying biologic and epidemiologic properties. Animal studies suggest that carriage induces an acquired immune response that reduces duration of colonization in a nonserotype-specific fashion.
methodsWe studied pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage longitudinally in Kenyan children 3-59 months of age, following up positive swabs at days 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 and then monthly thereafter until 2 swabs were negative for the original serotype. As previously reported, 1868/2840 (66%) of children swabbed at baseline were positive. We estimated acquisition, clearance, and competition parameters for 27 serotypes using a Markov transition model.
resultsPoint estimates of type-specific acquisition rates ranged from 0.00025/d (type 1) to 0.0031/d (type 19F). Point estimates of time to clearance (inverse of type-specific immune clearance rate) ranged from 28 days (type 20) to 124 days (type 6A). For the serotype most resistant to competition (type 19F), acquisition of other serotypes was 52% less likely (95% confidence interval = 37%-63%) than in an uncolonized host. Fitness components (carriage duration, acquisition rate, lack of susceptibility to competition) were positively correlated with each other and with baseline prevalence, and were associated with biologic properties previously shown to associate with serotype. Duration of carriage declined with age for most serotypes.
conclusionsCommon S. pneumoniae serotypes appear superior in many dimensions of fitness. Differences in rate of immune clearance are attenuated as children age and become capable of more rapid clearance of the longest-lived serotypes. These findings provide information for comparison after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.