ArticlePloS one2012
Anthrax lethal toxin disrupts intestinal barrier function and causes systemic infections with enteric bacteria.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anthrax toxins exacerbate sepsis-induced coagulopathy and endothelial dysfunction in a baboon model of anthrax.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2026Article
- The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases.Molecular aspects of medicine · 2022Review
- Erk1/2 Inactivation-Induced c-Jun Degradation Is Regulated by Protein Phosphatases, UBE2d3, and the C-Terminus of c-Jun.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Candidemia Caused by Meyerozyma guilliermondii Complex in Cancer Patients Undergoing Surgery.Mycopathologia · 2020Article
- Erk1/2 inactivation promotes a rapid redistribution of COP1 and degradation of COP1 substrates.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- Article
- Anthrax lethal toxin rapidly reduces c-Jun levels by inhibiting c-Jun gene transcription and promoting c-Jun protein degradation.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2017Article
- Profiling lethal factor interacting proteins from human stomach using T7 phage display screening.Molecular medicine reports · 2016Article
- The Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 strain shows protective effects against the B. anthracis LT toxin.Toxins · 2015Article
- Article
- Comparative toxicity and efficacy of engineered anthrax lethal toxin variants with broad anti-tumor activities.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2014Article
- Ex vivo culture of intestinal crypt organoids as a model system for assessing cell death induction in intestinal epithelial cells and enteropathy.Cell death & disease · 2014Article
- Colonic immune suppression, barrier dysfunction, and dysbiosis by gastrointestinal bacillus anthracis Infection.PloS one · 2014Article
- A New Murine Model for Gastrointestinal Anthrax Infection.PloS one · 2013Article
- Activated protein C ameliorates Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin-induced lethal pathogenesis in rats.Journal of biomedical science · 2012Article
- Bacillus anthracis edema factor substrate specificity: evidence for new modes of action.Toxins · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A variety of intestinal pathogens have virulence factors that target mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, including Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) has specific proteolytic activity against the upstream regulators of MAPKs, the MAPK kinases (MKKs). Using a murine model of intoxication, we show that LT causes the dose-dependent disruption of intestinal epithelial integrity, characterized by mucosal erosion, ulceration, and bleeding. This pathology correlates with an LT-dependent blockade of intestinal crypt cell proliferation, accompanied by marked apoptosis in the villus tips. C57BL/6J mice treated with intravenous LT nearly uniformly develop systemic infections with commensal enteric organisms within 72 hours of administration. LT-dependent intestinal pathology depends upon its proteolytic activity and is partially attenuated by co-administration of broad spectrum antibiotics, indicating that it is both a cause and an effect of infection. These findings indicate that targeting of MAPK signaling pathways by anthrax LT compromises the structural integrity of the mucosal layer, serving to undermine the effectiveness of the intestinal barrier. Combined with the well-described immunosuppressive effects of LT, this disruption of the intestinal barrier provides a potential mechanism for host invasion via the enteric route, a common portal of entry during the natural infection cycle of Bacillus anthracis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.