ArticlePloS one2012
Ethnic differences in tissue creatine kinase activity: an observational study.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Select Safety Parameters Among Normal Healthy Volunteers Taking Placebo in Phase 1 Clinical Trials.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2017Pooled it
- Why do hypertensive patients of African ancestry respond better to calcium blockers and diuretics than to ACE inhibitors and β-adrenergic blockers? A systematic review.BMC medicine · 2013Pooled it
- Trial
- The acute effect of beta-guanidinopropionic acid versus creatine or placebo in healthy men (ABC-Trial): A randomized controlled first-in-human trial.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2017Trial
- Ethnicity Risk and Exertional Rhabdomyolysis: A Narrative Review.Advances in therapy · 2025Review
- Reference ranges for 24-h urinary protein/creatinine ratio and urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio in Chinese children.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Universal Proteomic Signature After Exercise-Induced Muscle Injury in Muscular Dystrophies.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
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- Skeletal Muscle Damage and Inflammation.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Dermatomyositis presenting with diffuse calcinosis.BMJ case reports · 2023Article
- Blood-Based Biomarkers for Managing Workload in Athletes: Perspectives for Research on Emerging Biomarkers.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Blood-Based Biomarkers for Managing Workload in Athletes: Considerations and Recommendations for Evidence-Based Use of Established Biomarkers.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Statin-related Muscle Toxicity: An Evidence-based Review.TouchREVIEWS in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio is inversely related to nitric oxide synthesis in young black adults: the African-PREDICT study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2021Article
- Article
- Extracellular creatine kinase may modulate purinergic signalling.Purinergic signalling · 2020Review
- Creatine Kinase and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Creatine kinase, energy reserve, and hypertension: from bench to bedside.Annals of translational medicine · 2018Review
- Creatine kinase and renal sodium excretion in African and European men on a high sodium diet.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSerum creatine kinase (CK) levels are reported to be around 70% higher in healthy black people, as compared to white people (median value 88 IU/L in white vs 149 IU/L in black people). As serum CK in healthy people is thought to occur from a proportional leak from normal tissues, we hypothesized that the black population subgroup has a generalized higher CK activity in tissues. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsWe compared CK activity spectrophotometrically in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands including cerebrum, cerebellum, heart, renal artery, and skeletal muscle, obtained post-mortem in black and white men. Based on serum values, we conservatively estimated to find a 50% greater CK activity in black people compared with white people, and calculated a need for 10 subjects of one gender in each group to detect this difference. We used mixed linear regression models to assess the possible influence of ethnicity on CK activity in different tissues, with ethnicity as a fixed categorical subject factor, and CK of different tissues clustered within one person as the repeated effect response variable. We collected post-mortem tissue samples from 17 white and 10 black males, mean age 62 y (SE 4). Mean tissue CK activity was 76% higher in tissues from black people (estimated marginal means 107.2 [95% CI, 76.7 to 137.7] mU/mg protein in white, versus 188.6 [148.8 to 228.4] in black people, p = 0.002).
conclusionWe found evidence that black people have higher CK activity in all tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands studied. This finding may help explain the higher serum CK levels found in this population subgroup. Furthermore, our data imply that there are differences in CK-dependent ATP buffer capacity in tissue between the black and the white population subgroup, which may become apparent with high energy demands.
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Registered trials
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