ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2012
How do antigenically varying pathogens avoid cross-reactive responses to invariant antigens?
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current insights into insect immune memory.eLife · 2025Review
- The impact of within-vector parasite development on the extrinsic incubation period.Royal Society open science · 2020Article
- A Mathematical Framework for Predicting Lifestyles of Viral Pathogens.Bulletin of mathematical biology · 2020Article
- Role of T Cells in Chikungunya Virus Infection and Utilizing Their Potential in Anti-Viral Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Analysis of erythrocyte dynamics in Rhesus macaque monkeys during infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi.Malaria journal · 2018Article
- Faster growth with shorter antigens can explain a VSG hierarchy during African trypanosome infections: a feint attack by parasites.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Plasmodium knowlesi: a superb in vivo nonhuman primate model of antigenic variation in malaria.Parasitology · 2018Review
- Antibody Response to Lyme Disease Spirochetes in the Context of VlsE-Mediated Immune Evasion.Infection and immunity · 2017Article
- Review
- Clinical Diagnosis of the Dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome: Review of the Literature and Suggested Diagnostic Criteria.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Escaping Deleterious Immune Response in Their Hosts: Lessons from Trypanosomatids.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Review
- Comparison of mathematical frameworks for modeling erythropoiesis in the context of malaria infection.Mathematical biosciences · 2015Article
- Dissecting the determinants of malaria chronicity: why within-host models struggle to reproduce infection dynamics.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2015Article
- Cross-reactive immune responses as primary drivers of malaria chronicity.Infection and immunity · 2014Article
- Malaria's missing number: calculating the human component of R0 by a within-host mechanistic model of Plasmodium falciparum infection and transmission.PLoS computational biology · 2013Article
- Linking the antigen archive structure to pathogen fitness in African trypanosomes.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pathogens such as trypanosomes and malaria use antigenic variation to evade immune responses and prolong the duration of infections. As pathogens typically express more than one antigen, even relatively rare conserved antigens might be expected to trigger cross-reactive immune responses capable of clearing the infection. We use simple mathematical models that explicitly consider the dynamic interplay between the replicating pathogen, immune responses to different antigens and immune exhaustion to explore how pathogens can escape the responses to both variable and invariant (conserved) antigens. Our results suggest two hypotheses. In the first, limited quantities of invariant antigens on each pathogen may lead to saturation in killing by cross-reactive responses. In the second, antigenic variation of the dominant antigens prolongs the duration of infection sufficiently to allow for exhaustion of the cross-reactive responses to subdominant, invariant epitopes prior to their being able to control the infection. These hypotheses make distinct predictions: the former predicts that cross-reactive responses will always be ineffective while the latter predicts that appropriately timed treatment could, by preventing exhaustion, lead to the generation of long-lasting protective cross-reactive immunity and thus act similarly to a vaccine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.