ArticleBlood2012
Galectin-9 binding to Tim-3 renders activated human CD4+ T cells less susceptible to HIV-1 infection.
Article in Blood, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 134 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Emerging Role of TIM3 Expression on T Cells in Chronic Kidney Inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Review
- TIM-3, a potential target for sepsis therapy.Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi · 2026Review
- Altered distribution of tissue galectins correlates with mucosal dysregulation in SIV infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Single-cell analysis reveals immune remodeling of monocytes, NK cells, T cell exhaustion, and Galectin-9-associated depletion of gamma delta and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in Long COVID with ME/CFS.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Targeting hepatocytic TβRI ameliorates liver metastatic outcomes by revitalizing stem-like CD8Nature communications · 2025Article
- Integrated immune, hormonal, and transcriptomic profiling reveals sex-specific dysregulation in long COVID patients with ME/CFS.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Clinical Value of Galectin-9, Soluble TREM-1, and Soluble CD25 Among Critically Ill Patients with Organ Failure in the Emergency Department: A Prospective Observational Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Galectin-3 regulates erythropoiesis and enhances the immunoregulatory properties of CD71+ erythroid cells across developmental stages.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Integrated renin angiotensin system dysregulation and immune profiles predict COVID-19 disease severity in a South African cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Targeting Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Monoclonal Antibodies.Cancers · 2025Review
- Galectin 9 Levels as a Potential Predictor of Intact HIV Reservoir Decay.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Circulating CD8 + LGALS9 + T Cell Population Exhibiting Low Cytotoxic Characteristics are Decreased in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Immunologic research · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- The Role of Coinhibitory Receptors in B Cell Dysregulation in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals with Severe Disease.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Membrane organization by tetraspanins and galectins shapes lymphocyte function.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Exploring the role of galectin-9 and artemin as biomarkers in long COVID with chronic fatigue syndrome: links to inflammation and cognitive function.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 isolates, namely the Wuhan strain, Delta variant, and Omicron variant, identifies differential immune profiles.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Immunological responses in SARS-CoV-2 and HIV co-infection versus SARS-CoV-2 mono-infection: case report of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2023Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a tandem repeat-type member of the galectin family and is a ligand for T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), a type-I glycoprotein that is persistently expressed on dysfunctional T cells during chronic infection. Studies in autoimmune diseases and chronic viral infections show that Tim-3 is a regulatory molecule that inhibits Th1 type immune responses. Here we show that soluble Gal-9 interacts with Tim-3 expressed on the surface of activated CD4(+) T cells and renders them less susceptible to HIV-1 infection and replication. The Gal-9/Tim-3 interaction on activated CD4(+) T cells, leads to down-regulation of HIV-1 coreceptors and up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (also known as cip-1 and waf-1). We suggest that higher expression of Tim-3 during chronic infection has evolved to limit persistent immune activation and associated tissue damage. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism for Gal-9/Tim-3 interactions to induce resistance of activated CD4(+) T cells to HIV-1 infection and suggest that Gal-9 may play a role in HIV-1 pathogenesis and could be used as a novel microbicide to prevent HIV-1 infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.