Evidence map›Paper›PMID 22436130›Full record

SynthesisBMC public health2012

Diarrhea incidence in low- and middle-income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review.

Christa L Fischer Walker, Jamie Perin, Martin J Aryee, Cynthia Boschi-Pinto, Robert E Black

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC public health, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 235 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
235citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

235 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  4. Interventions to improve sanitation for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023
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  5. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020
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  11. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015
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175 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Christa L Fischer WalkerJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. cfischer@jhsph.edu
Jamie Perin
Martin J Aryee
Cynthia Boschi-Pinto
Robert E Black

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDiarrhea is recognized as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries yet updated estimates of diarrhea incidence by age for these countries are greatly needed. We conducted a systematic literature review to identify cohort studies that sought to quantify diarrhea incidence among any age group of children 0-59 mo of age.

methodsWe used the Expectation-Maximization algorithm as a part of a two-stage regression model to handle diverse age data and overall incidence rate variation by study to generate country specific incidence rates for low- and middle-income countries for 1990 and 2010. We then calculated regional incidence rates and uncertainty ranges using the bootstrap method, and estimated the total number of episodes for children 0-59 mo of age in 1990 and 2010.

resultsWe estimate that incidence has declined from 3.4 episodes/child year in 1990 to 2.9 episodes/child year in 2010. As was the case previously, incidence rates are highest among infants 6-11 mo of age; 4.5 episodes/child year in 2010. Among these 139 countries there were nearly 1.9 billion episodes of childhood diarrhea in 1990 and nearly 1.7 billion episodes in 2010.

conclusionsAlthough our results indicate that diarrhea incidence rates may be declining slightly, the total burden on the health of each child due to multiple episodes per year is tremendous and additional funds are needed to improve both prevention and treatment practices in low- and middle-income countries.

Indexed as

Cost of IllnessGlobal HealthAdolescentAdultChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesDeveloping CountriesDiarrheaFemaleHumansIncidenceInfantInfant, NewbornMaleMiddle Aged

Identifiers

PMID22436130
PMCPMC3323412

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.