ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2012
Globally diverse Toxoplasma gondii isolates comprise six major clades originating from a small number of distinct ancestral lineages.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 181 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
181 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 363 citations in OpenAlex.
- An African perspective on the genetic diversity ofParasitology · 2023Pooled it
- The imbalance in the relationship between inflammatory and regulatory cytokines during gestational toxoplasmosis can be harmful to fetuses: A systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- A review of foodborneFrontiers in veterinary science · 2022Pooled it
- Patterns of Transmission and Sources of Infection in Outbreaks of Human Toxoplasmosis.Emerging infectious diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of variation in Toxoplasma gondii cyst burden in the murine model.Experimental parasitology · 2019Pooled it
- Is Toxoplasma gondii type related to clinical outcome in human congenital infection? Systematic and critical review.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2016Pooled it
- Molecular epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in impala (Aepyceros melampus) from the Greater Kruger in South Africa: Detection of the Africa 4 lineage.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Vaccination with live-attenuated Toxoplasma gondii mutants RHΔtkl1 and PruΔpp2a-c induces protective immunity in sheep.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Collaboration, impact, and research trends at the veterinary research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences: a bibliometric analysis from 2009 to 2023.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Parasite genotype is a risk factor forInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2026Article
- Developmental stages ofBrazilian journal of veterinary medicine · 2026Article
- Identification of lineage-associated polymorphisms in the ROP18 3' flanking region and development of molecular assays for differentiation ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Toxoplasma gondii as a drug for anti-tumor immunotherapy: mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2026Review
- Unraveling the role of host kinase PIM1 in Toxoplasma gondii infection: Implications for therapies.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Cerebral toxoplasmosis: Parasitology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention - a narrative review.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2026Review
- Toxoplasmosis: Epidemiological Significance, Economic Burden, and Emerging Directions in Drug Discovery and Artificial Intelligence.International journal of microbiology · 2026Review
- Evolution ofJournal of parasitology research · 2026Review
- Fatal Congenital Toxoplasmosis with Progressive Liver Failure and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Isolate from the United States.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Intra-strain genetic heterogeneity in Toxoplasma gondii ME49: Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing reveals copy number variation in the ROP8-ROP2A locus.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Article
121 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Marked phenotypic variation characterizes isolates of Toxoplasma gondii, a ubiquitous zoonotic parasite that serves as an important experimental model for studying apicomplexan parasites. Progress in identifying the heritable basis for clinically and epidemiologically significant differences requires a robust system for describing and interpreting evolutionary subdivisions in this prevalent pathogen. To develop such a system, we have examined more than 950 isolates collected from around the world and genotyped them using three independent sets of polymorphic DNA markers, sampling 30 loci distributed across all nuclear chromosomes as well as the plastid genome. Our studies reveal a biphasic pattern consisting of regions in the Northern Hemisphere where a few, highly clonal and abundant lineages predominate; elsewhere, and especially in portions of South America are characterized by a diverse assemblage of less common genotypes that show greater evidence of recombination. Clustering methods were used to organize the marked genetic diversity of 138 unique genotypes into 15 haplogroups that collectively define six major clades. Analysis of gene flow indicates that a small number of ancestral lineages gave rise to the existing diversity through a process of limited admixture. Identification of reference strains for these major groups should facilitate future studies on comparative genomics and identification of genes that control important biological phenotypes including pathogenesis and transmission.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.