ReviewJournal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine2012
Statistical methods for the analysis of time-location sampling data.
Review in Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Hard-to-reach populations of men who have sex with men and sex workers: a systematic review on sampling methods.Systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
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- Optimizing recruitment in rare disease research: a cross-sectional online study evaluating sampling strategies for hard-to-reach populations.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among female sex workers (FSW) in Jashore, Bangladesh.PloS one · 2026Article
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- Differentials in self-reported health status and healthcare utilization among homeless women during the antenatal period in urban settings: Does migration status matter?Journal of migration and health · 2024Article
- Intergenerational sex and early sexual debut are associated with HIV infection among transgender women in Paraguay.HIV medicine · 2023Article
- Willingness to use and intention to adhere to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men in Jiangsu Province, China.AIDS care · 2023Article
- Population Size Estimation of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Rwanda: Three-Source Capture-Recapture Method.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- Evaluating the quality of HIV epidemiologic evidence for populations in the absence of a reliable sampling frame: a modified quality assessment tool.Annals of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Smartphone-based Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS): A methodological advance in surveying small or 'hard-to-reach' populations.PloS one · 2022Article
- Article
- Improving Underestimation of HIV Prevalence in Surveys Using Time-Location Sampling.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2021Article
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- Evaluating the Application of the Mental Model Mapping Tool (M-Tool).Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
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- Factors related to condomless anal intercourse between men who have sex with men: results from a European bio-behavioural survey.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2020Article
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- Unmet Health Needs of Roma Women in the Two Biggest Roma Communities in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.Frontiers in public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Time-location sampling (TLS) is useful for collecting information on a hard-to-reach population (such as men who have sex with men [MSM]) by sampling locations where persons of interest can be found, and then sampling those who attend. These studies have typically been analyzed as a simple random sample (SRS) from the population of interest. If this population is the source population, as we assume here, such an analysis is likely to be biased, because it ignores possible associations between outcomes of interest and frequency of attendance at the locations sampled, and is likely to underestimate the uncertainty in the estimates, as a result of ignoring both the clustering within locations and the variation in the probability of sampling among members of the population who attend sampling locations. We propose that TLS data be analyzed as a two-stage sample survey using a simple weighting procedure based on the inverse of the approximate probability that a person was sampled and using sample survey analysis software to estimate the standard errors of estimates (to account for the effects of clustering within the first stage [locations] and variation in the weights). We use data from the Young Men's Survey Phase II, a study of MSM, to show that, compared with an analysis assuming a SRS, weighting can affect point prevalence estimates and estimates of associations and that weighting and clustering can substantially increase estimates of standard errors. We describe data on location attendance that would yield improved estimates of weights. We comment on the advantages and disadvantages of TLS and respondent-driven sampling.
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