ArticleJournal of the American Medical Directors Association2012
Racial inequities in receipt of influenza vaccination among nursing home residents in the United States, 2008-2009: a pattern of low overall coverage in facilities in which most residents are black.
Article in Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccinations Among Nursing Home Residents: A Systematic Review.The Gerontologist · 2018Pooled it
- Trends in asthma and pneumonia-related mortality in the United States: a CDC wonder database analysis (1999-2023).Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Methods for studying health disparities in U.S. nursing homes: a scoping review.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Geographic Variation in Influenza Vaccination Disparities Between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White US Nursing Home Residents.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Adult Vaccination: A Review of the State of Evidence.Health equity · 2022Review
- Persistence of Racial Inequities in Receipt of Influenza Vaccination Among Nursing Home Residents in the United States.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Impact of Race on Immunization Status in Long-Term Care Facilities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2019Article
- Racial/Ethnic Differences in Receipt of Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination among Long-Stay Nursing Home Residents.Health services research · 2018Article
- Mortality Among Black Men in the USA.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2018Article
- Trends in Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination Among US Nursing Home Residents, 2006-2014.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · 2017Article
- Accuracy of influenza vaccination rate estimates in United States nursing home residents.Epidemiology and infection · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesNationwide among nursing home residents, receipt of the influenza vaccine is 8 to 9 percentage points lower among blacks than among whites. The objective of this study was to determine if the national inequity in vaccination is because of the characteristics of facilities and/or residents.
designCross-sectional study with multilevel modeling. SETTING AND
participantsStates in which 1% or more of nursing home residents were black and the difference in influenza vaccination coverage between white and black nursing home residents was 1 percentage point or higher (n = 39 states and the District of Columbia). Data on residents (n = 2,359,321) were obtained from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Service's Minimum Data Set for October 1, 2008, through March 31, 2009. MEASUREMENTS: Residents' influenza vaccination status (vaccinated, refused vaccine, or not offered vaccination).
resultsStates with higher overall influenza vaccination coverage among nursing home residents had smaller racial inequities. In nursing homes with higher proportions of black residents, vaccination coverage was lower for both blacks and whites. The most dramatic inequities existed between whites in nursing homes with 0% blacks (L1) and blacks in nursing homes with 50% or more blacks (L5) in states with overall racial inequities of 10 percentage points or more. In these states, more black nursing home residents lived in nursing homes with 50% or more blacks (L5); in general, the same homes with low overall coverage.
conclusionInequities in influenza vaccination coverage among nursing home residents are largely because of low vaccination coverage in nursing homes with a high proportion of black residents. Findings indicate that implementation of culturally appropriate interventions to increase vaccination in facilities with larger proportions of black residents may reduce the racial gap in influenza vaccination as well as increase overall state-level vaccination.
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