ArticleInternational journal of health care finance and economics2012
The income elasticity of health care spending in developing and developed countries.
Article in International journal of health care finance and economics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Health care expenditure and GDP in African countries: evidence from semiparametric estimation with panel data.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2014Pooled it
- Economic and demographic influences on health expenditures: robust approaches for income and aging effects.Health economics review · 2025Article
- Is economic growth enough to propel rehabilitation expenditures? An empirical analysis of country panel data and policy implications.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Impact of cash transfer programs on healthcare utilization and catastrophic health expenditures in rural Zambia: a cluster randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in health services · 2024Article
- The macroeconomics of pandemics around the world: Lives versus livelihoods revisited.Journal of development economics · 2023Article
- The level of countries' preparedness to health risks during Covid-19 and pre-pandemic: the differential response to health systems building blocks and socioeconomic indicators.Health economics review · 2023Article
- How do low-income enrollees in the Affordable Care Act marketplaces respond to cost-sharing?The Journal of risk and insurance · 2023Article
- Resiliency of healthcare expenditure to income shock: Evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panels.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Changes in health care utilization and financial protection after integration of the rural and urban social health insurance schemes in Beijing, China.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Determinants of China's health expenditure growth: based on Baumol's cost disease theory.International journal for equity in health · 2021Article
- Health Care Financing Systems and Their Effectiveness: An Empirical Study of OECD Countries.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Is health care a luxury or necessity good? Evidence from Asian countries.International journal of health economics and management · 2019Article
- Health care expenditures and GDP in Latin American and OECD countries: a comparison using a panel cointegration approach.International journal of health economics and management · 2019Article
- The Challenge of Additionality: The Impact of Central Grants for Primary Healthcare on State-Level Spending on Primary Healthcare in India.International journal of health policy and management · 2019Article
- Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in Australia: trends, inequalities and the impact on household living standards in a high-income country with a universal health care system.Health economics review · 2019Article
- Pharmaceutical expenditure and gross domestic product: Evidence of simultaneous effects using a two-step instrumental variables strategy.Health economics · 2019Article
- Health expenditure, child and maternal mortality nexus: a comparative global analysis.BMC international health and human rights · 2018Article
- Comparing the Income Elasticity of Health Spending in Middle-Income and High-Income Countries: The Role of Financial Protection.International journal of health policy and management · 2018Article
- Is income relevant for health expenditure and economic growth nexus?International journal of health economics and management · 2016Article
- Using Uncertain Climate and Development Information in Health Adaptation Planning.Current environmental health reports · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To date, international analyses on the strength of the relationship between country-level per capita income and per capita health expenditures have predominantly used developed countries' data. This study expands this work using a panel data set for 173 countries for the 1995-2006 period. We found that health care has an income elasticity that qualifies it as a necessity good, which is consistent with results of the most recent studies. Furthermore, we found that health care spending is least responsive to changes in income in low-income countries and most responsive to in middle-income countries with high-income countries falling in the middle. Finally, we found that 'Voice and Accountability' as an indicator of good governance seems to play a role in mobilizing more funds for health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
22419347What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.