ArticlePloS one2012
Induction of overt menstruation in intact mice.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- WERF Endometriosis Phenome and Biobanking Harmonisation Project for Experimental Models in Endometriosis Research (EPHect-EM-Homologous): homologous rodent models.Molecular human reproduction · 2025Pooled it
- CCR5 blockade inhibits menstrual-driven proinflammatory T cell infiltration into the cervicovaginal mucosa of women.Science advances · 2026Article
- In preprints: shedding light - chemogenetic induction of menstruation in mice.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- Induction of menstruation in mice reveals the regulation of menstrual shedding.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Murine modeling of menstruation identifies immune correlates of protection during Chlamydia muridarum challenge.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Induction of Endometriosis in a Menstruating Mouse Model (Mus musculus): A Translational Animal Disease Model.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of Regeneration and Fibrosis in the Endometrium.Annual review of cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- SMAD2/3 signaling in the uterine epithelium controls endometrial cell homeostasis and regeneration.Communications biology · 2023Article
- The role of Notch signaling in endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem-like cells maintenance.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Differential Size Distribution and Estrogen Receptor Cargo of Oviductal Extracellular Vesicles at Various Stages of Estrous Cycle in Mice.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2022Article
- Pre-clinical models to study abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).EBioMedicine · 2022Review
- Hypoxia Regulates the Self-Renewal of Endometrial Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem-like Cells via Notch Signaling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Spiny Mouse-A Menstruating Rodent to Build a Bridge From Bench to Bedside.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2021Review
- The Elusive Endometrial Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cells.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Mechanisms of Scarless Repair at Time of Menstruation: Insights From Mouse Models.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2021Review
- Endometrial Stem/Progenitor Cells-Their Role in Endometrial Repair and Regeneration.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2021Review
- Mouse model of menstruation: An indispensable tool to investigate the mechanisms of menstruation and gynaecological diseases (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2020Review
- Menstruation: science and society.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2020Review
- Characteristics of the endometrium in menstruating species: lessons learned from the animal kingdom†.Biology of reproduction · 2020Review
- RBPJ mediates uterine repair in the mouse and is reduced in women with recurrent pregnancy loss.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The complex tissue remodeling process of menstruation is experienced by humans and some primates, whereas most placental mammals, including mice, go through an estrous cycle. How menstruation and the underlying mechanisms evolved is still unknown. Here we demonstrate that the process of menstruation is not just species-specific but also depends on factors which can be induced experimentally. In intact female mice endogenous progesterone levels were raised by the induction of pseudopregnancy. Following an intrauterine oil injection, the decidualization of the endometrium was reliably induced as a prerequisite for menstruation. The natural drop of endogenous progesterone led to spontaneous breakdown of endometrial tissue within an average of 3 days post induction of decidualization. Interestingly, morphological changes such as breakdown and repair of the endometrial layer occurred in parallel in the same uterine horn. Most importantly, endometrial breakdown was accompanied by vaginally visible (overt) bleeding and flushing out of shed tissue comparable to human menstruation. Real-time PCR data clearly showed temporal changes in the expression of multiple factors participating in inflammation, angiogenesis, tissue modulation, proliferation, and apoptosis, as has been described for human menstruating endometrium. In conclusion, human menstruation can be mimicked in terms of extravaginally visible bleeding, tissue remodeling, and gene regulation in naturally non-menstruating species such as intact female mice without the need for an exogenous hormone supply.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.