ArticlePloS one2012
Deep sequencing for the detection of virus-like sequences in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis: detection of GBV-C in human brain.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Viral associations in multiple sclerosis: pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Virology journal · 2026Review
- Disseminated Listeria monocytogenes and human pegivirus-1 coinfection.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Pegivirus Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Central Nervous System Infections of Unknown Etiology in Brazil by Viral Metagenomics.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Human Pegivirus-1 Detection and Genotyping in Brazilian Patients with Fulminant Hepatitis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Metagenomic insights into the plasma virome of Brazilian patients with prostate cancer.Molecular & cellular oncology · 2023Article
- Human Pegivirus Type 1: A Common Human Virus That Is Beneficial in Immune-Mediated Disease?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Infection of Glia by Human Pegivirus Suppresses Peroxisomal and Antiviral Signaling Pathways.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Search for viral agents in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis using real-time PCR and metagenomics.PloS one · 2020Article
- Whole-genome sequencing of human Pegivirus variant from an Egyptian patient co-infected with hepatitis C virus: a case report.Virology journal · 2019Article
- Article
- High-throughput sequencing for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis. A narrative review and clinical appraisal.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2019Review
- Molecular and Clinical Profiles of Human Pegivirus Type 1 Infection in Individuals Living with HIV-1 in the Extreme South of Brazil.BioMed research international · 2019Article
- Human Pegivirus in Patients with Encephalitis of Unclear Etiology, Poland.Emerging infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Enrichment of Retroviral Sequences in Brain Tissue from Patients with Severe Demyelinating Diseases.Journal of emerging diseases and virology · 2017Article
- Viruses and Multiple Sclerosis: From Mechanisms and Pathways to Translational Research Opportunities.Molecular neurobiology · 2017Review
- Application of next generation sequencing for the detection of human viral pathogens in clinical specimens.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2017Article
- Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2016Review
- Detection of GB virus C genomic sequence in the cerebrospinal fluid of a HIV-infected patient in China: a case report and literature review.Epidemiology and infection · 2016Review
- Application of "Omics" Technologies for Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Neurological Infections.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2015Review
- Deep sequencing of evolving pathogen populations: applications, errors, and bioinformatic solutions.Microbial informatics and experimentation · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of unknown origin that affects the central nervous system of an estimated 400,000 Americans. GBV-C or hepatitis G is a flavivirus that is found in the serum of 1-2% of blood donors. It was originally associated with hepatitis, but is now believed to be a relatively non-pathogenic lymphotropic virus. Fifty frozen specimens from the brains of deceased persons affected by MS were obtained along with 15 normal control brain specimens. RNA was extracted and ribosomal RNAs were depleted before sequencing on the Illumina GAII. These 36 bp reads were compared with a non-redundant database derived from the 600,000+ viral sequences in GenBank organized into 4080 taxa. An individual read successfully aligned to the viral database was considered to be a "hit". Normalized MS specimen hit rates for each viral taxon were compared to the distribution of hits in the normal controls. Seventeen MS and 11 control brain extracts were sequenced, yielding 4-10 million sequences ("reads") each. Over-representation of sequence from at least one of 12 viral taxa was observed in 7 of the 17 MS samples. Sequences resembling other viruses previously implicated in the pathogenesis of MS were not significantly enriched in any of the diseased brain specimens. Sequences from GB virus C (GBV-C), a flavivirus not previously isolated from brain, were enriched in one of the MS samples. GBV-C in this brain specimen was confirmed by specific amplification in this single MS brain specimen, but not in the 30 other MS brain samples available. The entire 9.4 kb sequence of this GBV-C isolate is reported here. This study shows the feasibility of deep sequencing for the detection of occult viral infections in the brains of deceased persons with MS. The first isolation of GBV-C from human brain is reported here.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.