ReviewInfection and immunity2012
Membrane vesicle release in bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea: a conserved yet underappreciated aspect of microbial life.
Review in Infection and immunity, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 405 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
405 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 776 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of extracellular vesicles as a cell-free therapy in colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Targeting Outer Membrane Vesicles ofJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles at the Crossroads of Immune Regulation and Biofilm Dynamics: Biogenesis, Comparative Analysis, and Translational Challenges.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Stress-Induced Switch in Small Extracellular Vesicle Secretion: From Constitutive 'Torn Bag Mechanism' to Exocytosis.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular membrane vesicles as multifunctional defense systems: Roles in immune evasion, phage interactions, and antimicrobial resistance.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles modulate epithelial antiviral responses via macrophage-mediated immunomodulation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Symbiotic bacteria produce non-lytic vesicles with nucleic acid cargo.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Environmental Stress Induces Altered Composition of Streptococcus mutans Membrane Vesicles: pH-Driven Changes in Membrane Vesicle Production and Composition.Molecular oral microbiology · 2026Article
- The Role of Oral Pathobionts' Outer Membrane Vesicles in Cancer Pathology and Therapeutic Development.Cells · 2026Review
- Host Factor Induced Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles Promote Horizontal Gene Transfer in Vibrio cholerae.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles: A Comprehensive Review of Their Origins, Functions, and Therapeutic Potential.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Review
- Biophysical Features of Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) from PathogenicAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Plasma extracellular vesicles reflect response and prognosis in patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant treatment.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Aging: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Computational Microbial and Viral Ecology Analysis.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Outer membrane vesicles inMicrobial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2026Article
- Translational horizons in bacterial membrane vesicles: Hotspots and frontiers from basic medicine to clinical application by bibliometric analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Multi-omics identify hallmark protein and lipid features of small extracellular vesicles circulating in human plasma.Nature cell biology · 2025Article
345 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Interaction of microbes with their environment depends on features of the dynamic microbial surface throughout cell growth and division. Surface modifications, whether used to acquire nutrients, defend against other microbes, or resist the pressures of a host immune system, facilitate adaptation to unique surroundings. The release of bioactive membrane vesicles (MVs) from the cell surface is conserved across microbial life, in bacteria, archaea, fungi, and parasites. MV production occurs not only in vitro but also in vivo during infection, underscoring the influence of these surface organelles in microbial physiology and pathogenesis through delivery of enzymes, toxins, communication signals, and antigens recognized by the innate and adaptive immune systems. Derived from a variety of organisms that span kingdoms of life and called by several names (membrane vesicles, outer membrane vesicles [OMVs], exosomes, shedding microvesicles, etc.), the conserved functions and mechanistic strategies of MV release are similar, including the use of ESCRT proteins and ESCRT protein homologues to facilitate these processes in archaea and eukaryotic microbes. Although forms of MV release by different organisms share similar visual, mechanistic, and functional features, there has been little comparison across microbial life. This underappreciated conservation of vesicle release, and the resulting functional impact throughout the tree of life, explored in this review, stresses the importance of vesicle-mediated processes throughout biology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.