ArticleJournal of neurophysiology2012
Developmental constraints of quadrupedal coordination across crawling styles in human infants.
Article in Journal of neurophysiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Reconsidering Whether Knuckle-Walking Gave Rise to Bipedalism in Light of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis.American journal of biological anthropology · 2026Review
- Cluster-based muscle synergy analysis scheme for assessing crawling motor function in children with cerebral palsy.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Muscle synergy characteristics during hands-and-knees crawling in children aged 4-6 years.PloS one · 2026Article
- Impact of a three-week full leg cast immobilization on infant crawling kinetics and spatiotemporal parameters.PloS one · 2025Article
- Abnormal interlimb coordination of motor developmental delay during infant crawling based on kinematic synergy analysis.Biomedical engineering online · 2024Article
- Research on the electromyography-based pattern recognition for inter-limb coordination in human crawling motion.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Comparison of the forward and sideways locomotor patterns in children with Cerebral Palsy.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Muscle synergy analysis of eight inter-limb coordination modes during human hands-knees crawling movement.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Crawl Position Depends on Specific Earlier Motor Skills.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Measurement and Analysis of Human Infant Crawling for Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Review
- Video-based evaluation of infant crawling toward quantitative assessment of motor development.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Development of Locomotor-Related Movements in Early Infancy.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2020Article
- Emergence of Different Gaits in Infancy: Relationship Between Developing Neural Circuitries and Changing Biomechanics.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Review
- Motor Development: Embodied, Embedded, Enculturated, and Enabling.Annual review of psychology · 2019Review
- Use it or lose it? Effects of age, experience, and disuse on crawling.Developmental psychobiology · 2019Article
- Early manifestation of arm-leg coordination during stepping on a surface in human neonates.Experimental brain research · 2018Article
- Inter-Limb Muscle Synergies and Kinematic Analysis of Hands-and-Knees Crawling in Typically Developing Infants and Infants With Developmental Delay.Frontiers in neurology · 2018Article
- Degraded Synergistic Recruitment of sEMG Oscillations for Cerebral Palsy Infants Crawling.Frontiers in neurology · 2018Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Human infants can crawl using several very different styles; this diversity appears at first glance to contradict our previous findings from hands-and-knees crawling, which suggested that there were strict limitations on coordination, imposed either mechanically or by the developing nervous system. To determine whether coordination was similarly restricted across crawling styles, we studied free crawling overground in 22 infants who used a number of different locomotor strategies. Despite the wide variety in the use of individual limbs and even the number of limbs used, the duration of the stance phase increased with duration of cycle, whereas the duration of the swing phase remained more constant. Additionally, all infants showed organized, rhythmic interlimb coordination. Alternating patterns (e.g., trotlike) predominated (86% of infants). Alternatively, yet much less frequently, all limbs used could work in synchrony (14% of infants). Pacelike patterns were never observed, even in infants that crawled with the belly remaining in contact with the ground so that stability was not a factor. To explore the robustness of the interlimb coordination, a perturbation that prolonged swing of the leg was imposed on 14 additional infants crawling on hands and knees overground or on the treadmill. The perturbation led to a resetting of the crawling pattern, but never to a change in the coordination of the limbs. The findings concur with those regarding other infant animals, together suggesting that the nervous system itself limits the coordination patterns available at a young age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.