ArticleBrain and behavior2011
A cytokine mixture of GM-CSF and IL-3 that induces a neuroprotective phenotype of microglia leading to amelioration of (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinsonism of rats.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reactive OPCs in CNS Injury: From Functional Diversity to Therapeutic Translation.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Review
- Sex-dependent immune activation shapes disease progression in a model of Parkinson's disease.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Levodopa exerts neuroprotective effects by suppressing microglial proinflammatory activation in a rat hemi-Parkinson's disease model.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Nanotherapeutic Approaches of Interleukin-3 to Clear the α-Synuclein Pathology in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Interleukin 3 Inhibits Glutamate-Cytotoxicity in Neuroblastoma Cell Line.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- An open-label multiyear study of sargramostim-treated Parkinson's disease patients examining drug safety, tolerability, and immune biomarkers from limited case numbers.Translational neurodegeneration · 2023Article
- Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 2 Promotes Microglial Invasion: A Link to Microgliosis in the Parkinson's Disease Brain.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Development of an extended half-life GM-CSF fusion protein for Parkinson's disease.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2022Article
- Microglial re-modeling contributes to recovery from ischemic injury of rat brain: A study using a cytokine mixture containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Dual Roles of Microglia in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Colony stimulating factors in the nervous system.Seminars in immunology · 2021Review
- Differential Modulators of NG2-Glia Differentiation into Neurons and Glia and Their Crosstalk.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2021Review
- Functional Mechanism of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Animal Models with Alzheimer's Disease: Inhibition of Neuroinflammation.Journal of inflammation research · 2021Review
- Neuroprotective Activities of Long-Acting Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (mPDM608) in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Intoxicated Mice.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2020Article
- Review
- Curcumin-Activated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Human Umbilical Cord and Their Effects on MPTP-Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease: A New Biological Therapy for Parkinson's Disease.Stem cells international · 2020Article
- Increases in compulsivity, inflammation, and neural injury in HIV transgenic rats with escalated methamphetamine self-administration under extended-access conditions.Brain research · 2020Article
- The antidepressant effects of GM-CSF are mediated by the reduction of TLR4/NF-ĸB-induced IDO expression.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2019Article
- Roles of NG2-glia in ischemic stroke.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2017Review
- A Truncated form of CD200 (CD200S) Expressed on Glioma Cells Prolonged Survival in a Rat Glioma Model by Induction of a Dendritic Cell-Like Phenotype in Tumor-Associated Macrophages.Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) agonists are widely used as primary treatments for Parkinson's disease. However, they do not prevent progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, the central pathology of the disease. In this study, we found that subcutaneous injection of a cytokine mixture containing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 (IL-3) markedly suppressed dopaminergic neurodegeneration in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, an animal model of Parkinson's disease. The cytokine mixture suppressed the decrease of DA content in the striatum, and ameliorated motor function in the lesioned rats. In response to the cytokine injection, dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta increased expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Microglial activation in the pars compacta was evident in both the saline- and cytokine-injected rats. However, the cytokine mixture suppressed expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and tumor necrosis factors α, and upregulated the neuroprotective factors insulin-like growth factor-1 and hepatocyte growth factor. Similar responses were observed in cultured microglia. Detailed morphometric analyses revealed that NG2 proteoglycan-expressing glial cells increased in the cytokine-injected rats, while astrocytic activation with increased expression of antioxidative factors was evident only in the saline-injected rats. Thus, the present findings show that the cytokine mixture was markedly effective in suppressing neurodegeneration. Its neuroprotective effects may be mediated by increased expression of Bcl-xL in dopaminergic neurons, and the activation of beneficial actions of microglia that promote neuronal survival. Furthermore, this cytokine mixture may have indirect actions on NG2 proteoglycan-expressing glia, whose role may be implicated in neuronal survival.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.