ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2012
Classical labeling of bacterial pathogens according to their lifestyle in the host: inconsistencies and alternatives.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bronchopulmonary disposition of IV cefepime/taniborbactam (2-0.5 g) administered over 2 h in healthy adult subjects.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2023Trial
- Proteasome-dependent cytoskeleton disruption during Leptospira interrogans infection induces aberrant collective cell migration.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Intracellular Parasitic Infections Caused byVaccines · 2025Review
- Molecular mechanisms of co-infections.EMBO reports · 2025Review
- Review
- Advancements in Green Nanoparticle Technology: Focusing on the Treatment of Clinical Phytopathogens.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Understanding bacterial pathogenicity: a closer look at the journey of harmful microbes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Host Transcriptional Regulatory Genes and Microbiome Networks Crosstalk through Immune Receptors Establishing Normal and Tumor Multiomics Metafirm of the Oral-Gut-Lung Axis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Repurposing Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase as Adjuvant Therapeutics for Bacterial Infections.Frontiers in antibiotics · 2023Article
- Recent Advances in Genomics-Based Approaches for the Development of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogen Vaccines.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Discovery of antipsychotic loxapine derivatives against intracellular multidrug-resistant bacteria.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2022Article
- The potential role of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in chronic, relapsing diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Long COVID, and ME/CFS: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.The Biochemical journal · 2022Review
- Review of Label-Free Monitoring of Bacteria: From Challenging Practical Applications to Basic Research Perspectives.Biosensors · 2022Review
- Tenacibaculosis caused byFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Hide-and-Seek: A Game Played between Parasitic Protists and Their Hosts.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Mammalian Neuropeptides as Modulators of Microbial Infections: Their Dual Role in Defense versus Virulence and Pathogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Article
- T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- MicroRNA-30e-5p Regulates SOCS1 and SOCS3 During Bacterial Infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Article
- A simple, fast and reliable scan-based technique as a novel approach to quantify intracellular bacteria.BMC microbiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An ample understanding of the complex interactions between host and pathogen will improve our ability to develop new prophylactic and therapeutic measures against infection. Precise classification of infectious agents in regards to their infective lifestyles in the host and corresponding pathogenic implications are required because clear concepts are essential to plan fruitful research. Classically, pathogenic bacteria are classified as extracellular, facultative intracellular, and obligate intracellular. In my opinion, this classification is inadequate because, as concluded from data here discussed, it is based on inconsistencies and hyper-valorizes the capacity of the infectious agent replicate in vitro in cell-free media. For a microbial pathogen, what matters is whether intra- or extracellularity is in the context of the in vivo life and in association with pathogenicity. When living as a pathogen in association with its host, what is relevant in microbiological terms is not the ability to grow in artificial cell-free bacteriological media or in environmental niches but whether the intracellular infectious agent, besides the phase of intracellular growth which is behind its label, also is able to live extracellularly in the natural settings of the extracellular territories of their hosts. To eliminate the inconsistencies associated with the classical labeling of bacterial pathogens, I propose that bacterial pathogens be labeled exclusive extracellular, dual intracellular/extracellular and exclusive intracellular based on their infective lifestyle in the host, not in the ability to grow in artificial bacteriological media.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.