ArticleArchives of general psychiatry2012
Common heritable contributions to low-risk trauma, high-risk trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression.
Article in Archives of general psychiatry, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 212 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic and environment influences on childhood victimization: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Enhancing Discovery of Genetic Variants for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Through Integration of Quantitative Phenotypes and Trauma Exposure Information.Biological psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Largest GWAS of PTSD (N=20 070) yields genetic overlap with schizophrenia and sex differences in heritability.Molecular psychiatry · 2018Pooled it
- Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With rs2267735 in the ADCYAP1R1 Gene: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of traumatic stress · 2017Pooled it
- The association between childhood maltreatment, psychopathology, and adult sexual victimization in men and women: results from three independent samples.Psychological medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Intranasal oxytocin administration impacts the acquisition and consolidation of trauma-associated memories: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled experimental study in healthy women.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Trial
- Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Familial genetic risk for posttraumatic stress disorder: Associations with clinical features.Journal of traumatic stress · 2026Article
- Post-traumatic stress disorder.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Genetic heritage of war: exploring transgenerational inheritance of PTSD and its molecular background.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2026Review
- The impact of trauma and how to intervene: a narrative review of psychotraumatology over the past 15 years.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Childhood trauma and subclinical cin early adulthood: A genetically informative study.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Mediating Role of Trauma Connecting Psychiatric Family History and Adolescent Mental Health.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Development and evaluation of a centralized assessment hub for the clinician-administered PTSD Scale for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (CAPS-5).Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy · 2025Article
- Polygenic andmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Causal and common risk pathways linking childhood maltreatment to later intimate partner violence victimization.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- What is the role of paternal genetic transmission on risk for PTSD and internalizing and externalizing disorders?Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- The risks for major psychiatric disorders in the siblings of probands with major depressive disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- The pernicious role of stress on intergenerational continuity of psychopathology.Development and psychopathology · 2024Article
- Testing Quantitative and Qualitative Sex Effects in a National Swedish Twin-Sibling Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.The American journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextUnderstanding the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) is critical to developing etiologic models of these conditions and their co-occurrence.
objectivesTo quantify heritable influences on low-risk trauma, high-risk trauma, PTSD, and MDD and to estimate the degree of overlap between genetic and environmental sources of variance in these 4 phenotypes.
designAdult twins and their siblings were ascertained from a large population-based sample of female and male twin pairs on the basis of screening items for childhood sexual abuse and physical abuse obtained in a previous assessment of this cohort.
settingStructured psychiatric telephone interviews.
participantsTotal sample size of 2591: 996 female and 536 male twins; 625 female and 434 male nontwin siblings.
main outcome measureLifetime low- and high-risk trauma exposure, PTSD, and MDD.
resultsIn the best-fitting genetic model, 47% of the variance in low-risk trauma exposure and 60% of the variance in high-risk trauma exposure was attributable to additive genetic factors. Heritable influences accounted for 46% of the variance in PTSD and 27% of the variance in MDD. An extremely high degree of genetic overlap was observed between high-risk trauma exposure and both PTSD (r = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.78-0.99) and MDD (r = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98). Complete correlation of genetic factors contributing to PTSD and to MDD (r = 1.00) was observed.
conclusionsThe evidence suggests that almost all the heritable influences on high-risk trauma exposure, PTSD, and MDD, can be traced to the same sources; that is, genetic risk is not disorder specific. Individuals with a positive family history of either PTSD or MDD are at elevated risk for both disorders and should be closely monitored after a traumatic experience for symptoms of PTSD and MDD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.