ArticleCurrent fungal infection reports2011
Cryptococcus-Related Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome(IRIS): Pathogenesis and Its Clinical Implications.
Article in Current fungal infection reports, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed.
- Increased Antifungal Drug Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans in Uganda.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2015Trial
- Talaromycosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome exhibits immune dysregulation in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Paradoxical Th1 activation and CTLA-4 regulation is beneficial during latent cryptococcosis.mBio · 2026Article
- Cryptococcal and EBV Meningitis in a Postpartum Woman With HIV Despite ART: A Case Challenging the Limits of Immune Reconstitution.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2026Article
- Successful desensitization to liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of disseminated cryptococcosis in pregnancy: a case report.ASM case reports · 2026Article
- The Pain Is in the Brain With the Sugar-Coated Killer.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Target product profile and discovery and development path for novel cryptococcal disease treatments.The Journal of infection · 2025Review
- Foxp3Research square · 2025Article
- The hypervirulent Type-1/Type-17 phenotype ofInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Cytokine Release Syndrome in Patients with Cancer: Focus on Infectious Disease Considerations.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Review
- Cryptococcosis in kidney transplant recipients: Current understanding and practices.World journal of nephrology · 2023Review
- T cell infiltration into the brain triggers pulmonary dysfunction in murine Cryptococcus-associated IRIS.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Immunological Analysis of Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis in a Murine Model.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Cerebellitis associated with cryptococcal-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.IDCases · 2023Article
- Sterile Cerebrospinal Fluid Culture at Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnosis Is Associated with High Mortality.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Clinical Studies to Animal Experiments.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Fungal CNS Infections in Africa: The Neuroimmunology of Cryptococcal Meningitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Chemokine receptor CXCR3 is required for lethal brain pathology but not pathogen clearance during cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.Science advances · 2020Article
- Cryptococcal meningitis and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a pediatric patient with HIV after switching to second line antiretroviral therapy: a case report.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome followingIDCases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This review provides an overview of Cryptococcus neoformans immunology and focuses on the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus-related paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Cryptococcal IRIS has three phases: (1) before antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a paucity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammation and defects in antigen clearance; (2) during initial ART immune recovery, with pro-inflammatory signaling by antigen-presenting cells without an effector response; and (3) at IRIS, a cytokine storm with a predominant type-1 helper T-cell (Th(1)) interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) response. Understanding IRIS pathogenesis allows for risk stratification and customization of HIV/AIDS care. In brief, persons at high IRIS risk may benefit from enhancing microbiologic clearance by use of adjunctive agents in combination with amphotericin, prolonging initial induction therapy, and/or increasing the initial consolidation antifungal therapy dose to at least 800 mg of fluconazole daily until the 2-week CSF culture is known to be sterile. Prophylactic anti-inflammatory therapies or undue delay of ART initiation in an attempt to prevent IRIS is unwarranted and may be dangerous.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.