Trial reportHuman psychopharmacology2012
Immune system inflammation in cocaine dependent individuals: implications for medications development.
Trial report in Human psychopharmacology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death in methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Influence of cocaine use reduction on markers of immune function.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2024Trial
- Exploring cannabidiol effects on inflammatory markers in individuals with cocaine use disorder: a randomized controlled trial.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Association of leukocytosis with amphetamine and cocaine use.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2014Trial
- Smokers versus snorters: do treatment outcomes differ according to route of cocaine administration?Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2013Trial
- Addiction as a cardiometabolic disease: a neurocardiometabolic framework and the emerging role of GLP-1 receptor therapies.European heart journal open · 2026Review
- Stimulant use disorder indicative of increased serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 concentrations with altered brain reward and interoceptive processing.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Observational
- The effect of neuroimmune signalling on drug addiction.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Cocaine Cues Used in Experimental Research: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Distinct circulating monocyte profiles in chronic cannabis users compared to cocaine users without changes in plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and LPS.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) as a gut microbiome dependent immune factor that alters molecular and behavioral responses to cocaine in male mice.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Serum cytokines and inflammatory proteins in individuals with heroin use disorder: potential mechanistically based biomarkers for diagnosis.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Stress and substance use disorders: risk, relapse, and treatment outcomes.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- Microglia in neuroimmunopharmacology and drug addiction.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Review
- Article
- Dysregulation of Plasma Growth Factors and Chemokines in Cocaine Use Disorder: Implications for Dual Diagnosis with Schizophrenia and Antisocial Personality Disorder in an Exploratory Study.Neuropsychobiology · 2024Article
- Microglia-mediated calcium-permeable AMPAR accumulation in the nucleus accumbens drives hyperlocomotion during cocaine withdrawal.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Opioid Use Disorder and Recovery: Translatability to Human Studies, and Future Research Directions.Neuroscience · 2023Review
- The effect of cocaine on patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.Journal of orthopaedics · 2023Article
- Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesCocaine dependence is a chronic stress state. Furthermore, both stress and substance abuse have robust and reciprocal effects on immune system cytokines, which are known to be powerful modulators of mood. We therefore examine basal and provoked changes in peripheral cytokines in cocaine dependent individuals to better understand their role in the negative reinforcing effects of cocaine.
methodsTwenty-eight (16 F/12 M) treatment-seeking cocaine dependent individuals and 27 (14 F/13 M) social drinkers were exposed to three 5-min guided imagery conditions (stress, drug cue, relaxing) presented randomly across consecutive days. Measures of salivary cortisol, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were collected at baseline and various post-imagery time-points.
resultsCocaine abusers demonstrated decreased basal IL-10 compared with social drinkers. They also showed significant elevations in pro-inflammatory TNFα when exposed to stress compared with when they were exposed to relaxing imagery. This was not observed in the social drinkers. Conversely, social drinkers demonstrated increases in the anti-inflammatory markers, IL-10 and IL-1ra, following exposure to cue, which were not seen in the dependent individuals.
conclusionsCocaine dependent individuals demonstrate an elevated inflammatory state both at baseline and following exposure to the stress imagery condition. Cytokines may reflect potentially novel biomarkers in addicted populations for treatment development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.