ReviewHormones and behavior2012
Sex, glia, and development: interactions in health and disease.
Review in Hormones and behavior, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cell type specific transcriptomic differences in depression show similar patterns between males and females but implicate distinct cell types and genes.Nature communications · 2023Pooled it
- Individual differences in glucocorticoid regulation: Does it relate to disease risk and resilience?Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Minocycline attenuates oxycodone-induced positive subjective responses in non-dependent, recreational opioid users.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2021Trial
- Pediatric traumatic brain injury elicits acute neuroinflammation and long-term changes in social, cognitive, and decision-making behaviors in male and female rats.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Not just neurons: glial mechanisms driving sex-specific vulnerability to withdrawal and relapse in substance use disorder.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2026Review
- Developmental determinants of male bias in medulloblastoma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Pro-inflammatory Immune Dysregulation and Genetic Susceptibility in Iraqi Children with Autism: a Tetra-Primer ARMS-PCR Investigation of Interleukin Polymorphisms.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- Neuroglial Function and Hormonal Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Influence of Sex Hormones.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Neonatal inflammation induces lasting sex- and region-dependent microglia activation and sex-dependent impairments in chemoreflexes.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorder: pharmacological insights into natural antioxidants.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Inflammatory mechanisms contribute to long-term cognitive deficits induced by perinatal asphyxia via interleukin-1.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the neuroimmune response following heavy, binge-like alcohol exposure in adolescent rats.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Article
- Sexually dimorphic developmental changes in rat spinal cord pain pathways following neonatal inflammation.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Molecular profiling of adult C. elegans glia across sexes by single-nuclear RNA-seq.Developmental cell · 2025Article
- Impact of Neuroimmune System Activation by Adolescent Binge Alcohol Exposure on Adult Neurobiology.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Microglial responses to inflammatory challenge in adult rats altered by developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in a sex-specific manner.Neurotoxicology · 2024Article
- Combined Effect of Maternal Separation and Early-Life Immune Activation on Brain and Behaviour of Rat Offspring.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Neuroimmune Activation and Microglia Reactivity in Female Rats Following Alcohol Dependence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A sex-specific switch in a single glial cell patterns the apical extracellular matrix.Current biology : CB · 2023Article
- Microglia and microbiome in schizophrenia: can immunomodulation improve symptoms?Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Review
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes are the primary immune cells within the central nervous system. Microglia influence processes including neural development, synaptic plasticity and cognition; while their activation and production of immune molecules can induce stereotyped sickness behaviors or pathologies including cognitive dysfunction. Given their role in health and disease, we propose that glia may also be a critical link in understanding the etiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders that present with a strong sex-bias in their symptoms or prevalence. Specifically, males are more likely to be diagnosed with disorders that have distinct developmental origins such as autism or schizophrenia. In contrast, females are more likely to be diagnosed with disorders that present later in life, after the onset of adolescence, such as depression and anxiety disorders. In this review we will summarize the evidence suggesting that sex differences in the colonization and function of glia within the normal developing brain may contribute to distinct windows of vulnerability between males and females. We will also highlight the current gaps in our knowledge as well as the future directions and considerations of research aimed at understanding the link between neuroimmune function and sex differences in mental health disorders.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.